A poem which depicts a violent incident Essay Example for Free

A metrical composition which depicts a dotty incident EssayTASK Choose a poem in which there is a dramatic or violent incident. Show how the poet conveys the incident using various poetic techniques. Glasgow 5 March 1971 by Scottish poet Edwin Morgan effectively conveys a violent incident which occurs on a busy street in Glasgow. The incident captured in this instamatic poem involves a violent attack on a young couple who atomic number 18 pushed finished a shop window by thieving youths. The incident is shown vividly by various techniques such as imagery, word excerption and structure. Through this poem, Morgan effectively criticises society and our reluctance to help others in need.One of the ways in which Morgan helps us understand the incident is through the use of imagery. The poem begins with a striking metaphor to describe the ragged diamond of shattered plate-glass. The broken glass is cosmos compared to a diamond to help us picture the sharp, glinting edges of the window. This immediately shows how violent the incident is. He goes on to describe the mans confront as bristling with fragments of glass. This metaphor compared the numerous shards of glass on his face to a beard. This again highlights the pain and damage caused to the innocent young man.The good nature of the injuries is also conveyed by the words spurts of arterial blood which creates the image of blood gushing out of the girl. Her wet-look white coat emphasises the amount of blood and the oppose of red blood on white which creates a strong visual image. The poem then moves on to describe the attackers using effective word choice to convey the lack of compassion shown to the victims. The incident is described as the operation which suggests that this is a purely business-like transaction for these deal. There is no emotion.The word loot suggests that the youths still care is to grab as many valuables as possible and do it smartly. This highlights the impersonal, business-li ke manner again, showing a lack of humanity. Again this is done with no expression which shows no link or care for the couple whose faces show surprise and shock. The word choice used here effectively shows the selfishness of the youths whose altogether care is to steal with no concern for who gets hurt in this violent incident. . Morgan achieves this by using the present tense, a young man and his girl are falling, their arms are starfished.This creates the effect of seeing the event as a picture rather than an ongoing event. The writer emphasises this with the words sharp correct night which relates to a camera image again. This helps the reader stand back and look at the event objectively without be involved. Morgan is trying to make the maculation that this is what we do in society when we see violence occurring stand back and not get involved. This theme of societys reluctance to help others is shown through the deliberate reference in Sauchiehall Street.This makes it clea r that this violent incident took place on a busy street in Glasgow where lots of people would be. He goes on to refer to drivers in the background which again highlights the fact that people do not come forward to help the victims they keep their look on the road. This final line effectively conveys Morgans attitude that people turn a blind eye to violence, most likely from awe or lack of compassion. Through presenting this snapshot of the incident in sharp clear detail, it makes the reader think about what we would have done in this stake and why people failed to act.In conclusion this poem effectively conveys a violent incident on a busy Glasgow street. Edwin Morgan successfully highlights the lack of concern in our society for others. He achieved this through his instamatic technique, vivid imagery and effective word choice. These techniques helped me visualise the incident well and understand the writers message. The poem really made me think about how we treat one another i n society as this incident is set in Glasgow in a busy street. It made me wonder if this would actually happen and if people would help or turn a blind eye.

The Reader and Hughes Essay Example for Free

The Reader and Hughes Es supposeThe first statement is an irony because young Langston said he was saved when in actual position he was not saved . He only pretended to be saved so that he could save more trouble. The purpose of writing redemption is to show the difference in the way of thinking between the young and old generation. Also to clarify the misconception of the older generation that the younger generation open fire easily comprehend and read in depth meaning to what they are told. This is shown when Hughes and his aunt have different thought about what is expected of Salvation .And I kept waiting serenely for de springyry boy, waiting ,waiting waiting but he did not come. Literally Hughes was expecting to line up Jesus and he was expecting him to come to him. On the other hand his aunt (the older generation) thought Hughes was crying because he saw God. Another purpose is to show the irony of life, when others believe you have through some subject because you ha ve experience the feeling when in actual fact you did it to save the day. So I decided that maybe to save further trouble, Id better lie, too, and say that Jesus had come, and get up and be saved . So I got up. Langston loses his faith because of Auntie Reed.She tells him that when you were saved you saw a light, and something happened to your insides Langston took this literally, expecting to actually see a light and to feel something happening in his body. When he doesnt see or feel anything after hes saved, Langston gives up on believing in Jesus because he believed his aunts descriptions of salvation. His confusion worsens when Westley gets saved because he knows Westley didnt experience anything such as a light and is lying. Abdulwahab 2 Langston goes up to be saved only because he doesnt want to disappoint the adults, and they are all telling him to come up and be saved.That night, Langston cries because he lied, showing he is a good Christian because he believes the command ment about lying. His aunt misreads his tears and tells her husband hes crying because hes experienced the Holy Ghost and seen Jesus. The fiction reflects how adults dont realize or understand how children think, especially when it concerns a concept as difficult as faith. Auntie Reed expects Langston to accept what she says because shes the adult, and hes a child. She never explains that Biblical stories are a useful guide for how to live ones life .Langston assumes that all his readers are familiar and well acquainted with a charismatic church . preaching, singing, praying, and shouting. Hughes chose narration because it was his way of really putting round his feelings and emotions just the way he experienced them . This added to the credibility of the story and the effect that it would have on the reader ,based on criticism coupled with the act that this dealt with a very argumentative topic religion. Hughes also applies the use signal transitions ,going on thirteen for weeks ,then just before, for days beforehand and many others .This signal transition are used through out the essay mainly at the time of Salvation. Irony is the only thing that keeps life interesting. The process analysis of the understanding of how a revival meeting works is critical to the essay. Without this piece of information a reader who is not cognise with such things would not be able to connect with Hughes due to the lack of knowledge of such an event. The reader has to be acquainted with the material that he is edition to gain a sort of relationship with the author. The fact that Hughes did lay out the process set a ground for the reader to connect to the story.Hughess talking to shows that he was writing the essay as if he were still a child holding on to the feelings and thoughts of that time. The effect of the sentences and the beginnings of the sentence with the word And, emphasize Abdulwahab 3 the idea of this being a child . this allows the reader to truly feel as if the child were telling the story. The dialogue and the details of the sound recreate the story of the event in the readers mind . This way the reader is able to put himself in Hughes shoes and get to feel the pressure that was being put into the situation. work cited 1 http//www. enotes. com/revolt-mother 2 AMYCARRILLIS BLOG.

On Limits Of Strategy Business Essay

On Limits Of Strategy Business EssayThe Four bowl analysis and Four Lens analysis argon found on a simplification of the propulsives of hawkish interactions that breaks reality into it component pieces. In reality, the arenas are not quite so distinct, the progression is not quite so clear, and the nature of dynamic strategic interaction is not so predictable or easily labeled. DAveni, R.A. (1994, p. 180)Strategic management theories and methods are indispensable in todays economy. Regardless of their origin, dynamics or focus they are designed by scientific system of logic to understand the complexity of reality, to analyze the focused conditions (i.e. trade, power, relative positioning and so on) and to cope with tilt to master an emolument or to sustain the economic surgical process of a familiarity. Combined with an insightful execution they strengthen the profitable existence of organizations inwardly a war-ridden environment. How ever so eve the most achieverful companies which devour the most paradigmatic strategy methods by the rule playscript fail. This raises the question of whether contemporary strategy can, in fact, provide much(prenominal) in collectiveent insights for strategists or rather bias the scholarship of reality. This chapter is dedicated to a critical analysis of the predominant strategic enquiry pour outs in order to locate their structural weaknesses. A characteristic case account will introduce/illustrate the issue.The Textbook ExampleThe Taiwan-based High Tech Computer Corporation (stylized as HTC) was founded 1997 as a producer of notebooks and became one of the largest smartphone manufacturers in the world in just over a decade. It is best kn receive for its wide consumer smartphone portfolio ranging from mid- to high-priced stupefys. With a market growth of nearly 100 per centum in 2011 and a skyrocketing sales growth of 229 per centum, HTC held the title of the most profitable stock at the Taiwanese stoc k ex transmute from 2007 until 2011 (cf. HTC Investor traffic Bloomberg 2011). But as of today, the tables have turned on High Tech Computers Corporation. In the second quarter of 2012, the community had shown substantial r take offue losses of 3.35 billion Dollars resulting from a falloff in sales and profit in the first quarter (cf. Reuters 2012 HTC Investor Relations). Its stock plummeted from an all- conviction high of 35 euros (1300 Taiwan Dollars in April 2011) to now 7,5 Euros a voice (277 TWD as of August 2012 this signifies losses in the amount of more than 3 billion US Dollars). In conclusion, HTC cut its expansion program by climax its offices in Brazil and South Korea, and sold half of its stake in its of import acquisition of high fidelity headphones (cf. Kan 2012). What began as a yearlong success story for the innovative smartphone manufacturer is turning into a ill fortune, putting HTC in the same declining market share position as Nokia. But what went wrong? The settlement major power be found in the strategies and the crinkle model adopted by the Taiwanese company to assert their place in such a dynamic application as the smartphone market. gibe to the empirical analysis of the High Tech Computers Corporation by Chi-Ho Chiou (2011), its general corporate strategy was based upon a threefold approach. The first strategy, Development and Reconfiguration of Dynamic Capabilities, includes the implementation of two the core assertions of the first-mover advantage theory, as well as the methods of the Configurational school of thought. The concept of the first-mover explains the advantage a market pioneer can successfully live off, if he is the first one to establish himself in a niche (Robinson 1988, p. 92ff.). Through expanding the domain of the product, establishing effective response barriers for competitors, creating proprietary and innovative products, exclusive production skills, vertical desegregation and securing the best ar eal locations, a company as a first-mover could pull in powerful entry barriers as well as high switching costs (MacMillan 1983, pp. 22-25). In addition to this proceeding, the Configurational school describes the relations betwixt periods of stability and transformations a corporation might undergo to adapt to new environmental changes. To sustain equilibrium of its organizational characteristics (and therewith its success), there is the important need to recognize change and to embrace it through appropriate strategizing (Mintzberg et al. 1998, p. 305ff.). Thus HTCs strategizing originated with the early insight (presumably because of the production volumes of the Iphone) that consumer matched smartphones will induce a state of market change the company has to adapt to. Against this back groundwork, HTC, as one of the first manufacturers, switched the focus from air-tier phones to cheaper mid-tier handhelds, bundled its distinctive competencies of technological advancement an d into the development of these products, and defended its advantageous position with the buy-in of skilled professionals.To enhance its performance inwardly the state of reconfiguration, HTC incorporated additionally the strategy of Collaborative Ne iirks which is essentially the optimization of the abide by chain and the domain of the Power school of strategic management. As mentioned before, the benefits of the early-mover might stem from the vertical integration of business units. This approach was elaborated and explained by Michael ostiarius within the Generic Value Chain. A company can be disaggregated into its primary and support activities which, taken together, generate the profit margin (cf. doorkeeper 1998a, pp. 36-52). By optimizing the management of the measure chain and an efficient expansion strategy, a company is able lower its production. These strategies go hand in hand with the principles of the Power school. This school of thought is divided by vista. On t he one hand, there is the scene on the inter-organizational issues subsumed under the term of Micro Power, and on the other there is the Macro Power concerning the political processes in between several corporations. The latter perspective includes a cluster of different concepts which outline either the importance of strategic alliances and cooperational networks (Hamel et al. 1989, p. 134 in Mintzberg et al. 1998, pp. 255-260), or the influence of the outside(a) control an organization can achieve through planned strategizing (cf. Pfeffer/ Salancik 1978 in Mintzberg et al. 1998, p. 248f.). By creating strategic collaborations with Microsoft and Google in its early days as a smartphone parts supplier (first contracts being made in 1997), HTC was able to improve its value chain by reducing the total cost of its technological development, firm infrastructure, and human resource support activities in its value creation process. It simply used the provided operating systems as Androi d or Windows Phone, instead of investing assets and resources into own research. HTCs strategic alliances began to manifest itself in the 2001-2003 time periods as the company collaborated initially with such European telecommunication providers as Vodafone, T-Mobile, Orange and O2. As it built up favorable reputation and its brand image in a low contender market as Europe, High Tech Computers entered the US Market in 2005, signing exclusive hardware deals with providers AT and T, Sprint, Verizon and Cingular. Finally, overlooking its niche of mid-tier smartphones, the corporation collaborated with Japanese providers including NTT DoCoMo and Softbank Mobile to enter the most competitive smartphone hardware market in the world (all data taken from Chiou 2011, p. 301f.). Step by step, HTC incrementally developed a brand image and established itself in the world market through regional maneuvers, strategic alliances, as well as expert partnerships.Finally, HTCs product strategy and its radical transformation are based on the third strategy named Dynamical Product Diversification. It was, as Chiou razes out in the African Journal of Business Management (2011, p. 302), derived from Porters Five Forces analysis and the resulting Generic strategies matrix strategy (at this point, this paper will refrain from explaining these basic concepts due to their prominent nature). As Apple changed the mobile communication market in 2007, HTC must have recognized the chances and the potential of this newly established market by shifting its own production towards the masses demanding similar products as the Iphone. Yet the Taiwanese analyzed the competitive forces and realized that they should not compete against Apple and mimic its differentiation strategy, only choose the focus approach instead. Hence, all(prenominal) year since 2007, High Tech Computers released approximately ten to fifteen different smartphones with the goal to capture and capitalize on the niche left by Apple (cf. Areamobile.de 2012a HTC Portfolio 2012). The Iphone was considered an unchallenged luxury good available only to consumers who were capable of either spending almost a meter Dollars or binding themselves to year-lasting provider contracts. HTC became the alternative with a diverse product portfolio of less expensive phones for the mainstream, adopting Porters focus (or partitioning) strategy. All in all, it should have become obvious that HTC incorporated a range of paradigmatic supposed concepts of strategic management in its endeavor of competition analysis and strategy creation.Despite of being a textbook example of applied strategic management theory, the company struggles the second quarter in a row to operate in the black. The reason for their failure is, from the corporate point of view, the loss of revenue due to lower sales and therefore less net profit and an impaired market growth (cf. HTC Investor Relations 2012 Whittaker 2012). Yet analysts claim unan imously that these lower sales result from an overloaded and simultaneously dull product portfolio which lacks a distinct competitor to Apples Iphone or the even more successful Samsung Galaxy product line (cf. ibid. Shimpi 2012 Milett 2012 Luk/ Poon 2012 Bertolucci 2012 Lunden 2012). But why does HTC need to have such a competitor, in spite of choosing the segmentation product strategy and having a portfolio of 96 different mid-price smartphones (cf. Areamobile.de 2012b)? This companys failure implies that the company had to complement its strategy with the same cost focus endeavor as Apple. According to Porter, the positioning school, and every SWOT analysis, HTCs managers planned everything in accordance with the textbook and the double strategy its competitors pursue should be essentially wrong becausea firm that engages in each generic strategy but fails to achieve any of them is stuck in the middle. It possesses no competitive advantage. This strategic position is usually a re cipe for below-average performance. A firm that is stuck in the middle will compete at a disadvantage because the cost leader, differentiators, or focusers will be better positioned to compete in any segment. (Porter 1998a, p. 16)Samsung Electronics did exactly that. It is and so stuck in the middle having approximately 380 low- to mid-price phones and 11 high-end smartphones (cf. Areamobile.de 2012c). And its consolidated operating profit soaring to 4.8 billion Euros shows a 79 percent increase year-on-year since it implemented this double strategy (cf. Samsung Investor Relations 2012). It appears that the most paradigmatic strategy analyses reach their limits in the face of contemporary figurations of competition. Hence, HTCs strategic failure is symptomatic of a large part of the normative and descriptive strategic management research.Normative/ Prescriptive Research StreamsOver the course of the last century, the term competition passed through different stadiums. In the war to rn European economies of the 1950s, competition did barely exist due to an unmet demand for re formion and food supplies. Only two decades later, the competitive dynamics in the US transformed the rapidly expanding seller markets into the saturated buyer markets of the late sixties and seventies (all data cf. Chandler 1990). In the nineties, competition once again hardened in the face of globalization and the more complex nexuses of interconnected global market forces. And as of the digital markets of today, Hypercompetition represents the paradigmatic concept for the scientific community characterized throughan accelerated change in technology or regulation, low entry and exit barriers for competitors, uncertain and volatile consumer demand and demand situations, leapfrogging of existing standards, blurring of boundaries between competition, substitution and market entry and continual attempts to outmaneuver each other and to usurp entry barriers (Ortmann 2010, p. 24, also cf. DA veni 1994 embrown/ Eisenhardt 1997 Gottinger 2006)In regard to the continuous historic transformations and the volatile nature, competition is therefore understood by the scientific community as a dynamic, evolving concept. In contrast, concepts of the advance(a) schools of thought of strategic management remained surprisingly static. The Design, Planning and Positioning school of thought represent, according to Eden Ackermann (1998, p. 25ff.), the prescriptive and rather normative side of strategizing. They consist of deliberate analyzing, planning, and strategic creation methods, and describe how things ought to work under ideal conditions. Until today they remain the predominant strategy concepts taught in nearly every book on this topic (insert Fig. 1 here) and their use continues to permeate the academic peer-reviewed literature (for a detailed description cf. Helms 2010). Though HTC claims to be an innovative company, they chose prescriptive analytic models which represent manywhat of an outdated perspective on strategizing. They are characterized through an in tractability of their frameworks, because they base on the economic situation in the mid-eighties and were developed for managers of large and mature corporations. Furthermore, this period was characterized by strong competition, cyclical developments and relatively stable market structures (Niehans 1990, p. 315f.). For instance, the generic strategies matrix cannot be modified within its framework. Instead of observing the changes of market conditions in correlation to ones own company as a complex adaptive system, and to adapt to the prevailing degree of competitive complexity (as for instance within the framework of the complexity theory determined by McKelvey 1999 or Kappelhoff 2002), the Five Forces analysis and the strategy matrix are based upon the assumptions of perfect competition, that structure determines strategy (structure-conduct-performance-paradigm), and that market growth is continuous. If there were any problems or divergence from one of the questionable assumptions, then Porters whole theoretical construct would be rendered implausible because of its inflexibility as pointed out in HTCs case (for a more detailed critique and analysis of the rather basic paradigmatic concepts concerning HTCs performance cf. App. 1).But beyond the concepts of Five Forces, Portfolio Analyses or Planning procedures, the normative or prescriptive stream of research underwent several paradigmatic changes ever since which spawned more educate iterations of strategic concepts (as depicted in Fig. 2.). These were subsequently modified to improve their performance, as well as their consistency until they became highly complex. But even more elaborated concepts as Game Theory (cf. Shapiro 1989 Nisan et al. 2007), Blue Ocean Strategies (cf. Kim/ Mauborgne 2005) or the shift to the Resource-Based View (cf. Wernerfelt 1984 Prahalad/ Hamel 1990) continue to analyze competition wit h only a few set variables and static frameworks which represent rather theoretic enclosures than reality depicting mental models. For issues of scope and continuity, this subchapter will focus exemplary on Porters dynamic progression in the field of normative positioning. After severe criticism on the account of neglecting external forces (as e.g. the government, cf. Brandenburger/ Nalebuff 1996), missing viable middle ground strategies ( cognize as Outpacing-Strategies, cf. Gilbert/ Strebel 1987 Miller 1992), and concentrating too much on the positioning instead of addressing the competencies of the firm (Prahalad/ Hamel 1990), Porter complemented his strategic research by consolidation the generic methods into two frameworks driven by causality. The first one, termed as The Determinants of Success in Distinct Businesses (or Chain of reason Framework) focuses mostly on the industrial level from a cross-sectional perspective. It integrates the industry structure analysis (Five Fo rces) and the value chain into a framework itemized into abstract basic units which represent predetermined variables linked by a chain of causality (cf. Fig. 3 in Porter 1998b, pp. 87-92). Therefore, a proper choice of strategy and a sustainable competitive advantage relaxation method on a set of interconnected company inherent activities (discrete processes of the value chain) whose performance in turn depends upon structural determinants of differences among competitors named drivers (e.g. scale economies, learning curves, location, timing etc.). Ultimately, Porter argues that the cross-sectional part of the causality chain of a company starting with the drivers and ending with a successful positioning strategy attains its quality over time through managerial choices and an advantageous initial condition a company may inherit (ibid. p. 92ff.). With this link to a longitudinal business level perspective, Porter addresses the criticism invoked by the advocates of the resource-base d view. Still, this framework becomes dynamic in the first place with the addition of the Diamond of environmental Influences which focuses on environmental f promoters on a broader subject area level. This framework represents a departure from Porters early static template-like models and stresses the reinforcing relations of four interrelated attributes. These attributes represent local anesthetic, environmental conditions which influence the competitiveness of a company. Factor conditions as skilled labor, infrastructure or raw materials are provided by the nation. Demand conditions result from the pressure and needs of home market consumers which determine the degree of first appearance and advancement of products. Related and supporting industries characterize the presence of rivaling or supporting industries and their linkage to ones company in terms of innovation pressure, cost-effectiveness, short lines of communication, etc. steadfast strategy, structure and rivalry dete rmines the market structure set by competitors. The way competitive advantage is achieved by management practices, organizational modes, and the utilization of (local) resources of rivaling enterprises, affects the degree of the external pressure a company has to deal with. Additional parameters of influence are historical chance and the government (ibid. pp. 99-106). Since all these exogenous factors affect the corporate strategizing and resources a company starts with, the diamond can be linked below the managerial choices and the initial conditions (van den Bosch 1997, p. 98).Both frameworks address a certain degree of flexibility and changing environmental factors. However, despite the efforts made to understand the basic conditions of financial success of corporations through strategic analysis of their presumed influential factors, the Diamond and the Chain of origin remain extended frames of the initial generic positioning. Each link of the chain can be challenged in terms o f its determinism. Thus, from a academic point of view, the main critique of Porter is that his principles are solely based on macroeconomic conditions which he analyzed within longitudinal studies of successful corporations, local governments and whole championship nations. Albeit these cases provide sophisticated sources of reliable information, they only represent conditions of their particular era, which cannot be extrapolated into changing future markets. Moreover, macroeconomics functions within its own frame of scientific reference and is rarely open to modification that is not based upon empiric evidence. It takes time to gather such evidence and it is per se impossible to modify these concepts in order to assume them fit a problem-related context, which requires a different set of variables. Additionally, strategic researchers criticized the general application of the Diamond framework on business models. As Porters previous methods, the determinants of the Causality Cha in and the environmental attributes of the Diamond are seldom applicable to small businesses or digital enterprises. The scope of the highly complex and national attributes does not in truth affect the infrastructure of small companies dependent on exports, as well as having menial cash flows (cf. Cartwright 1993 Grant 1991). Neither local infrastructure, nor demand conditions of local customers affects digital businesses, because the internet provides a network structure which is independent from geographic or national boundaries (though, in some rare cases national regulation restrictions indeed apply to digital shops). On a broader scale, critics pointed to the inflexible state of the Diamond framework, because it is only valid for the operational scope on a national level and nothing below or beyond that. For international relations of companies it was proposed to enhance the flexibility, by adding another modified diamond (cf. Rugman/ DCruz 1993 Moon et al. 1995). Such busine sses do not depend much on local resources and can allocate them in a decentralized manner. Thus, competitive advantage may also result from outgoing foreign investments, as well as from foreign-owned companies which add value to distinctive competencies required for the home market, effectively strengthening the competitive position.On the business level of strategy which is addressed by the managerial choices, initial conditions, drivers and activities, it is Porters empiric-based determinism that constraints the adaptive nature of the causality framework. Even though he is asserting that each model abstracts the complexity of competition to isolate only a few observe variables whose interactions are examined in depth and that the normative significance of each model depends on the fit between assumptions and reality (Porter 1998b, p. 84), he does not try to excel in these statements. With the creation of his basic meta-units of activities and drivers, he establishes a solid fou ndation just to ruin it with the integration of his outdated models of Five Forces, the Value Chain and Generic Strategies. It is impossible to include components such as the predominant cultures of countries, the type of market (digital, industrial, service based etc.) or the customer based preferences, which are vital drivers of complexity in international markets into the Chain of Causality framework. Speaking in economic terms, his framework assumes a unadulterated and perfect market. Therefore, the more a market is influenced by customer uncertainty or the domestic culture, the less meaningful insights the framework can deliver. That is why these frameworks are suited best for analyzing mature, industrial, western markets or national economies with stable market structures.Evolutionary/ Descriptive Research StreamsAs a result of strategies based upon a prescriptive approach, an organization might develop too sharp an edge. A strong focus on a successful method by optimizing th e value chain and activities for a certain business offering, results inevitably in narrowing down other competencies and strengths in a normative approach. Thus, initial success with a product can be disrupted quickly by exogenous changes in customer preferences as it happened within a short time intersect with HTC. If that is the case, then the organization is missing a requisite variety of alternative options it can exploit (cf. Beer 1981). Therefore, it is expedient to shift the perspective to the other predominant stream of research which endeavors to grasp the processes of change and to include them into a flexible strategy creation process. Hence, the organic evolutionary or descriptive theories operate from a retrospective point of view, by trying to capture the emergent processes, to reflect them and finally learn to modify the status quo of strategizing. In comparison to the previous research stream, the descriptive classify is a rather heterogeneous collection of conc epts which encompasses more than seven different schools of thought (cf. Eden/ Ackermann 1998, pp. 24-28, Mintzberg 1998). Moreover, chronologically, they have not gone through the same evolution as the normative schools, as they simultaneously began to gain academic traction in the late eighties (cf. Mintzberg 1998, p. 352ff.). The common denominator of all theories is the reflection upon incremental change within the company, as well as the exogenous competition and its impact on the organizational performance. Two of the most prolific examples will illustrate both perspectives Theorists of the Environmental school argue that businesses are part of a natural selection mechanism. Hence, the environment, presenting itself to the organization as a set of general forces, is the central actor in the strategy making process. The company must respond to and include these forces continuously in its strategic analyses, in order to adjust its relative competitive position (cf. ibid. p. 288f f.). Executives, thus, choose from a variety of options provided by the environmental context, adopting those that not only suit their environments but also reflect their personal motives, predilections, and capabilities (Miller et al. 1988, pp. 544-548). some other important aspects are share- and stakeholder relationships, which are emphasized by the Power school (already covered in Chapter 2.1, p. 5). This research branch focuses solely upon the non-material assets of power and highlights its impact on strategy making. Whether inside the company or as an essential part of the environmental influence, stakeholders represent an influential factor on business performance as e.g. a (de-)motivated workforce, beneficial government parties, visionary managers, and, of course, customers. To address these parties, theorists developed a wide array of approaches ranging from early empathy based models (cf. Freeman 1984) to almost guerilla tactics-based political theory studies on lessons how social movements mobilize workforce (cf. Ruhland 2006) to computerized benchmarking tools for measuring stakeholder value (cf. Figge/ Schaltegger 2000). Nevertheless, the main flaw with these theories lies within their fragmented nature and the resulting inconsistency. Undoubtedly, the Entrepreneurial school has the best research on successful executives, and their visionary ways of dealing with innovations the Cognitive school delivers the best insights in their minds and how strategic processes are being constituted. But all aforementioned(prenominal) schools deal with complexity by fragmenting it into thematic clusters and unraveling the separated fields of knowledge. This might be a scientifically valid method of dealing with hypotheses, but concurrently it becomes gradually more difficult for companies to deal with a fast-paced analysis of emerging problems. As mentioned earlier, each fragmented school of thought in the evolutionary research stream is composed out of hun dreds of different methods and models. Thus, it takes not only time to analyze the situation within the frameworks, but it also costs theoretical effort to interconnect the fundamentally different tools and methods.Though Mintzberg addressed this problem within his books by creating a unifying approach to adapt to environmental change, known as the Configurational School (cf. Mintzberg et al. 1998 Miller/ Mintzberg 1983), it would take a considerable amount of time to apply all frameworks and empirically validate the inter-correlations of each theory. repayable to this fact, Osterwalders interdisciplinary method is better suited for the demonstration of the remaining problems (cf. Osterwalder 2004 Osterwalder/ Pigneur 2010). His Business Model Canvas and its methods can be loosely sorted into the Learning/ Environmental/ Power schools (cf. ibid. p. 110f., p. 130ff., pp.181-189, pp. 200-212.). Though, the model also draws heavily upon Porters (Five Forces) and Penroses (Resource-Bas ed View) normative concepts, as well as the paradigms of the Planning school (Scenario Techniques). Yet it offers a more sophisticated approach to analyzing strategies behind the business model than proposed by Mintzberg , covering the most important factors of the prevalent schools of thought. The basic canvas is composed out of nine sections for analyzing the key components of the business offering (cf. Fig. 4) and can be divided into four main intersecting groups. On the right side of the canvas there are industry based components, including factors of competitive analysis, production activities, the actual microeconomic cost structure and internal resources basing on the aforementioned normative methods. The upper side of the canvas entails the components of product analysis, including the description of the actual product features, distribution channels, quality management and customer preferences based upon T.Q.M. frameworks, Six Sigma analyses etc. The right side depicts all activities involving customer analyses and market demand. Lastly, the lower side represents microeconomic and financial considerations regarding the product/ service, based upon the most generic economic units, e.g. cash flow, EBITDA metrics, asset pricing and revenue streams. Additionally, Osterwalder and Pigneur include such basic analytic tools as SWOT, Blue Ocean Strategies, Long Tail and some sort of self-composed competitive environment map to round off their model and make it compatible to other frameworks. Despite the apparently light approach towards creating business models, reflectively understand the core processes of an organization and including emergent change into corporate strategy (judging from the visual context and the non-existent academic aspirations of the book), the canvas was conceived as a doctoral thesis and is based upon scientific research.Overall, the Business Model Canvas represents an emphasized concept for identifying the main processes and business units, upon which a corporate strategy can be based or modified. Despite the inclusion of many perspectives and improvements towards the normative concepts, this on the face of it reflexive and holistic approach has to deal with strong criticism. Rosenberg et al. (2011) argued that the canvas dealt with substantial problems emphasizing the processual focus and thus lacking structural and goal-oriented performance representations (p. 310ff.). Moreover, due to its simple design, the model lacks consistent causality between each of the nine proposed blocks. Because of that, it is difficult (if not impossible) to determine a valid strategy and to manage the continuous adjustments of the business model (cf. ibid. 312ff.). In general, it becomes apparent that Osterwalder et al. do not provide the deep insight into the macroeconomic context as e.g. does Porter. The processes and the effects between each canvas-block are only explained within case studies. In its methodology, the Business Model Canvas misses the questions why? and the answer because. The best example is found with the explanation of the Freemium business model (Osterwalder/ Pigneur 2010, pp. 96-106). Instead of introducing the basics or referring to explanatory books, there are roughly eight examples of canvases with a lot of colorful arrows, which point to the main connections between each block. But the model itself does not explain anywhere how to determine, understand and use these connections for strategic analysis or strategy creation. On top of that, some cases analyzed are assessed inherently wrong as in the case of Nintendos Wii (ibid. p. 230f.).

Features of Perfect Competition

Features of Perfect CompetitionContrast the features of hone competition with those of oligopoly. (10)The comparison between perfect competition and oligopoly give be based on the by-line number of buyers and sellers, nature of return, and barriers to institution of firms.Number of buyers and sellersPerfect competition is a foodstuff structure that is characterised by m whatsoever buyers and sellers with each firms output representing an insignifi sesst counterbalance of the total output. Hence, sellers cannot influence prices by changing its level of output. Thus, they accept the market price as given i.e they atomic number 18 price takers. Each firm and then faces a perfectly elastic carry curve as shown in fig 1a.An example of a market that comes close to the perfectly competitive copy is that of agricultural farming. How much the farmer sells his wheat for depart depend on the prevailing price of wheat in the market.On the other(a) hand, an oligopolistic firm produce s a significant amount of the total market output. The seller can either influence the price or output. It can sell much by sinister price or amplification price but sell less. This indicates that the firms demand curve is downward sloping.In addition, due to the shrimpy number of firms prevalent in the market, each firm now makes its decisions based on the reaction of other firms in the same industry. No firm can afford to ignore the actions and reactions of other firms in the industry. For example, there are only a few car manufacturers in the US such as Chrysler, GM and Ford Motors. If Ford Motors wants to increase sales, it can lower the price of its cars so that round buyers will switch from either Chrysler or General Motors but the increase in quantity demanded will be insignificant given that Chrysler and General Motors will follow the cut in price. This behaviour can be summarized by the kinked demand curve.Nature of productIn perfect competition, each seller produces a n identical product, thus they are perfect substitutes for each other. Since consumers think that the products are the same, they will not show any preference towards the goods of one firm over another. This means that sellers are not able to arbitrarily raise their prices for fear that consumers switch to other firms. Firms in perfect competition are price takers, and the demand for their goods are perfectly price elastic, so the horizontal demand curve. In oligopoly, firms may either be producing a homogeneous product or a differentiated product. When the product is differentiated, the oligopolist can increase the price and the output would not fall significantly. This implies substantial market causality for the firms in an oligopoly. Even when the good is homogenous like steel or aluminium, the firm is likely to differentiate in terms of the services and terms of conditions, hence the downward sloping demand curve.Barriers to entryThere are no barriers to entry or exit in a P C industry so the markets will consist of a turgid number of small sellers. The implication of this is that the firms in perfectly competitive industry will earn normal cyberspace in the gigantic run as supernormal profit earned by the firms in the short run will be depleted by the entry of the raw firms into the industry. It is relatively easy to lease a plot of land to grow wheat and in the event that the farmer chose to give up wheat farming, he could easily terminate his lease with the landlord. The start up cost is low as all he needs are round simple tools and seedlings. In oligopoly, there are significant entry and exit barriers. For example, in car intersection, there are very high initial contumacious costs such as the setting up of the assembly line and only if the firm produces a very large output level will the average cost fall significantly. The lower cost associated with a big output serves as an entry barrier for new firms as their initial demand is usually lo w. Exit is also difficult, as it is not easy to dispose of the firms fixed assets. Other forms of barriers could be patent rights, exclusive ownership of certain unrefined materials and legal barriers. So the oligopolist can earn supernormal earnings even in the long run.2b. Discuss why oligopoly is a more common showcase of market structure compared to perfect competition. (15)Perfect competition is an ideal model and so it is difficult to find markets that have all these characteristics. There are some markets in the real world that approximates perfect competition. Examples of such markets are farming, the stock commutation market and the exotic currency market. These markets possess some of the characteristics of PC as explained in part (a). However, even in such markets, some of the characteristics are hard to fulfil. For instance, buyers and sellers may not be price takers. In the stock exchange market, there are some individuals or institutions that can influence the pri ce of shares through with(predicate) their large holdings of a particular companys shares. The product is also not homogenous if stock of different companies are considered., Thus, if they were to sell their shares, price will fall. Knowledge is not perfect either. Although buyers and sellers do have easy access to information through their brokers and the Internet, there are some who do have insider information and use that to their advantage. Moreover, managers tend to reveal more information about their companies to financial specialists rather than to small investors.In the real world, most industries do not have that many firms. In fact, in industries such as political machinemobiles, air-craft manufacturing industry, oil industry, steel industry, supermarket chains and pharmaceutic industry, the industry is dominated by a few large firms. Most firms would rather face less competition so that their market power can be consolidated and secured. Oligopoly is thus a more desired form of market structure as far as sellers are concerned.Oligopoly is a more common market structure. It can be attributed mainly to the high entry barriers. Barriers to entry refer to any impediments that prevent new firms from competing on an equal al-Qaida with existing firms in an industry. An effective barrier for new firms to enter the industry is substantial economies of scale. The production of some goods involves very high initial fixed costs. skilful examples are the petroleum industry and the manufacturing of aircrafts. For example, Airbus and Boeing must construct huge expensive structures to build the A380. Thus, for the production of such goods, the larger the output the greater is the economies of scale enjoyed by the firm. Such industries have very large Minimum Efficient Scale, and hence, only a few firms exist in such industries.Economies of scale are not the only source of barrier to entry. Other barriers to entry can be the possession of superior technical kno wledge or sterling reputation for graphic symbol or efficiency. Take for example, high end sports cars like the Ferrari is such well known shop names that it is quite impossible for any new auto firms to replicate them. For years, they are the symbol of quality and luxury, an image that the carmakers have painstakingly cultivated. Production of such cars also requires superior technical knowledge, which is jealously guarded by the manufacturers. Thus it is not easy for new firms to enter such industries. In addition, existing firms could have spent millions on advertising to build and maintain brand loyalty. It will require a substantial period of high advertising costs and low revenues for new entrants if they want to establish themselves. Also, they can spend large amounts on advertising to make it difficult for a new entrant to differentiate its product.With the high entry barriers, firms are able to earn supernormal profits in the long run and have the financial strength to bl ock the entry of new firms. Such firms can also adopt predatory price to further keep out competitors. Their huge profits allow them to cut prices drastically to drive out competitors. They can maintain excess production ability as a signal to a potential entrant that with little notice, they could easily saturate the market and leave the new entrant with little or no revenue.Besides, huge profits allow firms to spend generously on RD. The discovery of new and better products allows them to compete more effectively in the market and also keep out other firms. For instance, in the pharmaceutical industry, millions of dollars are required to discover a new vaccine or a new drug. Hence the presence of high entry barriers results in many oligopolies.Globalisation and liberalizationWith increased globalisation, many domestic firms are threatened by the entry of big foreign firms or MNCs. Bigger firms have a competitive advantage in terms of pricing. Domestic firms can survive as long as there is government legislation to prevent the entry of foreign firms. But most governments are liberalizing their domestic industries. In order to compete with foreign firms, domestic firms have to merge. A merger would safeguard their survival as well as to allow them to compete more effectively. For instance, the merger of DBS bank with POSB and UOB with OUB , are all meant to expand the size of each bank so as to better compete with other international banks such as Citibank and Standard hire etc when MAS liberalize the financial sector to encourage competition. Hence globalisation has increased the tendency for mergers and the formation of oligopolies.ConclusionThere are not many industries in the real world that satisfy the characteristics of the perfectly competitive model given it is an ideal model. On the other hand, the characteristics of an oligopoly are more easily met. The nature of production is more favourable to an oligopolistic kind of market. There are many advan tages to existence big. Some firms are big due to high entry barriers natural or man-made, while others expand internally or externally through mergers and acquisition in response to a changing external environment. The main reason for oligopoly being a common market structure can be attributed to benefits of economies of scale which gives firms the incentive to merge and be large. It will lower their costs and give them higher(prenominal) returns to meet potential competition and as a consequence, they have huge incentives to erect barriers to deter entry by new firms, and to consolidate their position.

Internship report

Internship reportIntroduction My both-month internship in the Ministry of Foreign personal matters and Cooperation was a worthwhile hold as it helped me gain considerable and Professional familiarity close the way Maroc diplomacy is exercised by carrying out different ministerial tasks and witnessing the way work is make in the ministry from translating documents to writing reports. My interest in International Studies and Political Science as an area of study goes back to my proud school when I was keen on studying Philosophy, History and Geography. Although when I went to university I picked slope Studies as my study, my growing interest in International transaction was reawaken after my three years of taking English Studies at Hassan II University, when I went to study Political Science at Beloit College under the asset Scholarship. The internship that I took in the ministry corresponds to my carrier interests and school major it was also an opportunity to compare my escort as an intern at the Office of Tammy Baldwin in Beloit, Wisconsin that dated back to 2008 with my current internship in the ministry. My internship report is divided into four main sections the kickoff one is concerned with giving brief information about the ministry and its committals, the minute of arc one is concerned with duties and tasks that I was assigned to do in my internships, the third one is devoted to the knowledge and experience that I learned and in conclusion the fourth section includes my critical assessment of my internship in the ministry by identifying the things that I want to change if I am to work in the ministry and comparing it to my previous internship in the USA.The Ministry Of Foreign AffairsThe Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation is one of the four ministries in Morocco in which the ministers are directly appointed by the king. It is concerned with the abroad insurance of Morocco and managing its diplomatical affinitys with foreign countries and non-state actors like the UN. The current Foreign Minister is Mr. Taieb Fassi Fihri and his secretary general is Mrs. Latfia Akherbash.The ministry undertakes various operations that can be summarized into sextuplet delegacys The first one is to drive the diplomatic action of Morocco by representing its interest at the international level, insuring the development of international cooperation and coordinating the foreign relations of Morocco. The second point is to serve as the ordained representative of the monarchy in front of foreign countries and international and regional organizations, therefore any communication or musical arrangement between a foreign country and Morocco must first go through the ministry before reaching its direct destination in the kingdom. The third mission is to be involved in the preparations of conferences and meetings at the international level and represents the monarchy in those manifestations. The fourth missions are to conduct ne gotiations of agreements, conventions and treaties that prepare political and diplomatic character and to line up the economical, political and social engagements of Morocco. Moreover, with the exception of treaties, the ministry has the power to re cutting or reject any argument if it is deemed to not be in the interest of the kingdom. The fifth mission is to afford the protection of the rights of Moroccans living abroad and foreign citizens taking refugee in the monarchy, in addition to that the ministry also coordinates the activities of the public services situated outside of the country. in the long run the ministry has the responsibility to inform regularly the government about the status of Moroccos foreign relations.As far as the structure of the ministry is concerned, it is divided into two main sections the deputation of bilateral relations and the direction of Multilateral relations and global cooperation, the former directions is further divided into five divisions a ccording to geographical locations such as Arab and Moslem Affairs Division , African Affairs Division, and the Statesn Affairs Division.while the second direction is concerned with Moroccos relations with non-state actors, international organizations and multilateral cooperation. This direction contains some sub-directions like Protocol, Cultural and Scientific Cooperation DirectionMy assigned department was the the Statesn Affairs Division which is divided into two main services Political Affairs Service and Bilateral Cooperation Service, I was assigned to the Political Affairs Service practically in the American and Caribbean section. The way the American continent is divided in the ministry is based on linguistic rather geographic criteria, where Central and southwestern America speak Spanish and Portuguese while in North America and the Caribbean it is English that dominates as the official language. As a result, two sections exist within the department of American Affairs o ne concerned with the region of Federal America and the Caribbean and the former(a) concerned with Central and South America. The Political Affairs Service is somely involved in the political and diplomatic aspects of Moroccos foreign policy in harmony with its relations with the American continent. it was interesting to notice the that Morocco before starting or renewing any relation with a country a huge emphasis is put on the Sahara fill in which represent the national cause get one in the ministry. The main tasks of the direction are the diplomatic and political negotiations of bilateral accords and the coordination of the exterior engagements that can be economic, commercial or social.The Tasks That I Accomplished In The Ministry Of Foreign Affairs And CooperationMr. Abderrahim Errehali, who is responsible for the political affairs of the Americas, was my supervisor who introduced me to the personnel that work in the division, the most prominent characteristics that I notic ed in the American Affairs division is the hierarchical structure that the ministry follows where the music director of the American division, Mr. Fouad Yazourh, is at the head of the department followed by chief of the Political Affairs Division, who is my supervisor, and with an equal status is Mrs. Farida Loudaya Who is the chief of the Bilateral Cooperation Service, then followed by Mr. Mostafa Rezzouk. And at long last the hierarchy ends with the personnel and the secretaries.The main tasks that I was assigned to do in my internship tend to fall on clerical duties that vary from translating documents to writing reports. One of the most frequent tasks that I was asked to do during my internship in the ministry was to translate documents mainly from English to Arabic or to French and vice versa, the task is of an immense importance to the ministry particularly within my department, Since the monarchy has special relations with the US and it is crucial to make its points of vie w understood in America and vice versa. The documents that I was assigned to render, include official correspondence with various embassies of Northern America and Caribbean countries, conferences reports and the framework of future conferences The shift was a rewarding experience because it did not only make me sharpen my English vocabulary but also my French and Arabic ones, especially in the domain of diplomacy. the internship was also an opportunity to have an experience in making semiformal translations by paying attention to the salutations and giving each political figure his own respect, a point which has to do with cultural difference between Arabic, French and English that must be carefully considered to avoid any misinterpretations and fatal errors .One of the most frequent tasks that I was assigned to undertake are conducting question and summarizing official documents and reports, the inquiry process was an enriching activity as it was an opportunity me to learn muc h information about issues that demand thorough understanding in the ministry. I made research about various subjects like the speech that Obama delivered in Cairo in June 4, 2009, the economic crisis and its effects on governance and the new American ambassador Mr. Samuel L. Kaplan in RabatIt is also very principal(prenominal) to be aware and have a critical analysis of the international emergences that does only have to do with Morocco but also with different countries in the world. For instance, in my department the expulsion of two Canadian diplomats by Russia in and its aftermath was an important event to write a report about and impart it to the director. hence, One of the tasks that are crucial in the ministry is to be updated of any report or article that reference point Morocco, mainly from the American think tanks, and during my stay I was asked to prepare summaries about the main points mentioned about the kingdom in the human trafficking report published by the UN, th e Economic Freedom Index published by the Heritage Foundation and also about two reports that appeared in the International Crisis Group website one about the issue of Sahara and the other about the issue of Algerian armament.Further more, I was also asked to write congratulatory letters to congratulate particular countries for the celebration of their national days, my attendant in the office introduced me to the way congratulatory letters are written and I drafted three congratulatory letters for Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica and Saint Kitties. He also showed me other kinds of letters that are usually drafted in the ministry like a letter to congratulate a particular country upon such events as winning elections or to express condolences for a sad event.In the second half of my internship I asked my supervisor if I can work on a project or an issue that is related to the American Department and he assigned me to do some research about the Free Trade Agreement between Morocco and t he USA. In order to get access to the archives my supervisor introduced me to Mrs. Houda Zemmouri, the person responsible for the FTA agreement in the department, who provided me with access to the archives and showed me the summaries of the seminar Maximizing Trade with the United States that was held in Casablanca in 9 and 10 June, 2009. Mrs. Zemmouri advised me to make a general research about the FTA while paying attention to the current performance of the Moroccan scrimping and contrast it with similar Middle Eastern countries that signed free pile agreements with the USA, particularly Egypt and Jordan. The aim of utilizing comparison is to find Moroccos strong and weak points and culminating it by drawing recommendations in respect of the comparison results so that Morocco would efficiently benefit from the agreement. As far as my research methods are concerned, I relied on the documents from the archives that were provided to me by Mrs. Huda Zemmouri who was very accommoda ting and ready to lend a hand, I also relied on the internet, mainly the website of the FTA that provided the agreements articles online. In addition to that, the websites of the Moroccan newspapers such as La Vie Economique and LEconomist, were very useful. I began my research by giving a historical perspective of the US-Moroccan relation that dated back to 1978, when Morocco was the first country to recognize the independence of the United States, a fact that was mentioned by President Obama in his Cairo speech. Then I talked about the implementation of the FTA, its rules and how they are meet and my last part was devoted to contrast the performance of Morocco with the ones of Egypt and Jordan upon their sig reputation of Free Trade Agreements and based on the comparison I made a conclusion by stating the importance of the FTA for both Morocco to make its economy more competitive and for the USA to take advantage of what Morocco offers and make an example to lead the MAFTA that is plan to start in 2012. In the end, I presented my finished work to my supervisor who took a look at it and ask me to make some manipulateation to the net version.The Knowledge I Obtained From My InternshipIt was very interesting to notice the use of language in the ministry, although the official language in Morocco is Arabic, the language that is still frequently apply in the office is French with some differences from one department to another, and what I have noticed is that whenever a letter from the US embassy is sent to the ministry that is concerned with the fantan or the place it is very important to follow the formal correspondence with Arabic equivalent. However, when the letter is directed to some other ministries, like Ministry of Finance, it is very important that a French translation must accompany the letter while the use of Arabic is rare, a thing that I also noticed when I was delving in the archives of the FTA between Morocco and USA where I seldom come across an Arabic document whereas there was a plethora of French files.When I was working on the project I noticed the way conference summaries were executed, mostly in French, with the first page being dedicated to the headings (subject, date) and the center is a summary of the main points that were discussed in the conference while the last page includes the names of the participants and their titles, phones and emails. Working on the project was very valuable because it made research an issue of utmost importance to Morocco and gain knowledge in it. For instance, the project added to my learning that the FTA was signed in 2004 but did enter into force until 2006 due to the issue of Moroccos concern about its economy and society to meet some US standards that are delicate to the kingdom, mainly the copyrights laws (TRIPS) and the consequences of the inflow of US agricultural products on Moroccos economy such as wheat and meeting the WHO SPSS requirements. It is interesting to notice tha t Morocco is the fourth country to sign an agreement with the US, upon the initiation of the FTA with the USA the volume of bilateral trade exchange between the two countries experienced an increase. The targeted industries in Morocco are textile, leather and agriculture. Furthermore, Morocco signed many free trade agreements countries with 54 countries.In my comparison I noticed that Morocco compared to Jordan and Egypt has higher labor cost in addition to its reliance on European countries to buy fiber in contrast with the geographic proximity of Egypt and Jordan to cheap fiber suppliers such as India an Turkey.I learned a lot of information by reading various reports that are published by different US think tanks like World Heritage and International CrisisThe issue of Sahara is vital to Moroccos foreign policy as it the national cause number one that the morocco is working to solve through diplomatic means by persuading countries to not recognize RASD or to suspend their recogn ition for countries that already have relation with Polisario. in my internships I went into discussions about the subject and the countries that recognize the Polis Rio while none of the major powers recognize it, of the 46 countries that recognize RASD, most of them come from Africa and Latin America particularly in the Caribbean where the only country that has never recognized RASD there is Bahamas and among those who recognized RASD only Saint Lucia and Dominica canceled their recognition in 1989 and Dominican republic in 2002. In addition to that, of the four 4 countries that does not recognize RASD were in favor three of them voted in favor of the Algerian proposal in 2006 a fact which portray to the need of more diplomatic relations. The fact that Caribbean countries recognized RASD did not hinder Morocco from establishing political and economic and cultural relations with the Caribbean. For instance, as afar as cultural cooperation is concerned, there is a program that is fu nded by the ministry that grants scholarships to Caribbean bookmans to study in Al Akhawayn University. However, Morocco did only cut its diplomatic relations with two major countries in the region Cuba in 1980 and Venezuela in 2009 due to their recognition of RASD and establishment of its embassies in their countries.The wide concern in the United States over the rise of the foundation left in America particularly in Venezuela and Bolivia was also a shared concern for Morocco, leftist government mainly those forming alliance with Hugo or what is called the democrat left in contrast with the center left of Brazil and Chile as they have the potential to support polisario.I gain enormous knowledge of the Caribbean countries during my internship, although the region is geographical small with 17 countries. The most striking point that I learned, apart from the fact of being the highest place that support polisario, is the way it constituted, as many countries in central America and So uth America are also include in the area. Like Belize, Surinam, cooperative republic of Guyana which are belong to to that area fro historical, linguistic and cultural reasons as most of those countries speak English and tend to have a rupture with the Spanish countries in Central and South America. In addition to Venezuela that has strong presence there. The region is untied under one regional organization called CARICOM (Caribbean Community) where only 2 countries are not included Cuba and the Dominican Republic.The Vienna convention The two major incidents that marked the Ministry was when Ben abdellah was asked to come to Morocco and the case of Norwegian embassy and its complicity in the abduction of the two children of the former athlete Mr. SekkahBenefits of Translation the nature of working in public administration particularly in the ministryThe way diplomatic relations are conducted length and time that treaties and agreements take, signing treating between two countries i s very demanding process that takes a long time due to the aim of the two countries to avoid any misunderstanding that would jeopardize their agreement, and this is why the process of translation is a huge where the main task is to compare the original document and its translation to see if there are any words that might alter the meaning of the treaty.The courses that helped me in the process US-Maghreb Relations FTA, Piracy,The Elements That I Want To Alter In The MinistryMy internship in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation was a rewarding however my experience in the ministry could have been more beneficial and effective if certain conditions were provided. First, the AUI should provide student who are willing to intern in the ministry with contact information of Alumni student working in the ministry so as to make the incoming interns aware of the nature of the work they should be expecting and provide them with sources to answer questions they have about their inter nship. Second, it would more effective if student know of their assigned department ahead of time so that they will not be surprised by their department on their first day in addition to make them avoid going through the transfer. Third, taking particular classes before doing an internship will be helpful, mainly the courses of Moroccan Foreign Policy and Research Methodology as many of the assigned task are related to doing research and writing reports and summaries.Concerning the nature of work in the ministry I would make a list of think tanks and Particular newspapers to be checked out daily, Preparing some daily work that can be done daily like looking for articles that mention Morocco in newspapers. The personnel should have some seminars of latest innovations in computer and Information technology to keep them updated of what is new in this domain, therefore enhancing their performance.To improve my research and writing report skills ComparisonThe main points that I noticed i n comparing both my internship experience in the USA with the one in Morocco has to do with the extensive of use such tasks as translation while they are quite absent in USA. In both instance I notice the importance of the media and checking it on daily basis to look for article that mention Tammy Baldwin and those that mention moroccoResponding to phone calls piece of writing support letters, organizing the archives, faxing newspaper articles and call sheets, searching for grants and billsThe constituent call sheetEmails accountsClothes and formalityConclusion The internship was a golden opportunity to broaden my experience in diplomacy and moroccos foreign policy by witnessing how diplomacy is exercised in the ministry. I learned valuable information and gained a professional experience that is pertinent and directly related to major.

Written and Unwritten Rules on the CUE Bus :: Projects Driving Buses Papers

Written and Unwritten Rules on the CUE BusI arrive been riding the CUE raft regularly for a item of about two years now, and through that time earn learned a lot about what goes on on the bus. The thing that has stood out to me the nearly is the many written and unwritten rules that govern behavior for both passengers and bus drivers. There are certain things one require to do to be a successful passenger, and I have learned many of them along the way through experience and observation, without even really noticing it. For the past two months I have consciously observed people and how they relate to these rules, and the patterns have be take even more clear to me. Rules for Bus Drivers One main thing that one needs to do be a successful passenger is to understand the rules that govern how the bus drivers behave, because this will effect the choices that you make. The bus drivers have a lot of rules they have to follow that are given to them by the management. For instance, th ey are supposed to do everything in their power to arrive at each bus stop at the posted time on the schedule. They are also supposed to only pick up passengers or let them off at designated CUE bus stops. The bus drivers must constantly balance these rules with another, unwritten rule - that they should be friendly and considerate to the people who are riding the bus. Sometimes these two principles come into conflict, and thats when things really get interesting. Some examples of times when they come into conflict are the following The Bus Driver is Ahead of Schedule It is bad for the bus driver to arrive at a bus stop late, but it is even worse for him to arrive thither early, because then people who have not gotten there yet may miss the bus. I have seen bus drivers stop at Rite Aid pharmacy (on the intersection of Lee Highway and Chainbridge road) and at George Mason and sit for several minutes because they were ahead of schedule. This creates an awkward situation for the people riding on the bus, who are now just sitting halt for no apparent reason. The longer the bus sits, the more awkward it feels. Although nobody has ever complained about it out loud, there is an unspoken pressure.

The Profession of Registered Nursing Essay -- Nursing, healthcare, inf

The world is filled with many different types of professional muckle that help maintain our health status. Registered nurses are one of these important professional people that take criminal maintenance of the sick and maintain health all around the world and in our community. Registered nurses also form to prevent disease , to educate the commonplace about health issues , to enhance public health , and to help support ill patients both physically and mentally. In this essay I will unwrap and explain what is a registered nurse, education and certification, employment, and professional activities. Registered nurses are licensed by the state in which he or she practices after completing certain cookery and education. The three educational paths to registered nursing are bachelors degree, an associate degree, and a diploma from a approved nursing program. Registered nurses are used largely everywhere because they are present when doctors cannot assist you immediately and they can prescribe medication. Registered nurses regardless of specialty or work setting, monitor all aspects of patient care including diet and physical activities, and provide advice and emotional support to patients and family members. And most of the places they work include family practices , adult practices , womens health , pediatrics , acute care and gerontology. Registered nurses work under pressure everyday to treat life conditions such as accidents , heart attacks and strokes. Registered nurses also take care for patients in critical condition , or illness , and they must be able to recognize life threatening problems quickly and assist a patient with care . Registered nurses may suffer from stresses and burnout caused by shift , night work ... ... S. (2011). Development Across the life span. New Jersey Pearson Education. Haroun, J. M. (2011). INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH CARE SECOND EDITION. New York Delmar Cengage Learning. Marieb, E. N. (2011). Human word form and Physiology seven th edition. San Francisco Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Prabhupada, A. B. (2011). THE SCIENCE OF SELF REALIZATION. California The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust International, Inc. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. (2011, March 5). Retrieved March 5, 2011, from BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS www.bls.gov Whitney, E. (2011). UNDERSTANDING NUTRITION. Ohio Cengage Learning.Education-portal. (2010). snobbish Universities in Florida. Retrievedfrom http//education-portal.com/private_universities_in_florida.htmleHow. (2010). Catholic Hospice, Inc. Retrieved fromhttp//www.ehow.com/about 5098909 florida-rn-license-requirements.html