Operation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Operation Management - Essay Example The Assemble to Order products are really not prevalent in this category. These products include dustbin, laundry powder, floor sweeper, vacuum cleaner, steam cleaner, trash cans etc. These products are available on the shelves as Make to Stock products only except for special cases. Drapery, curtains and linen are the furnishings. An Assemble to order approach would be the best for these items where clothes are bought from the market while a tailor is employed for stitching as per the dimensions of the house. Hardwares comprise of handles, channels, rods, locks and holdbacks. These products are available as Make to Stock products and it doesn’t make sense to go for other manufacturing strategies unless special requirements have to be met. Brooms, ladders, cupboards and mops are a part of this group. This is a group of items where all 3 manufacturing strategies can be used. Ladders and cupboards can be designed through all 3 strategies while brooms and mops are best to buy as Make to Stock products. Sources of lighting and fans are available in the market. However, they have to be customized according to specific needs. So Make to Stock and Assemble to Order strategies could work here. For example, Air coolers are designed using Assemble to Order strategy many times. Modular kitchens are the norm of the day. These are designed using Make to order manufacturing. However, several accessories such as faucets, taps, crockery stand and others are available as Make to Stock products. The idols can be in form of metal, stone, wood or photo frames. While most people go for readymade idols some may actually decide to build an idol on wall in stone i.e. they may go for make to order

Nutrition - Hamburger Essay Example for Free

Nutrition Hamburger Essay â€Å"Approximately 30. 3 percent of children (ages 6 to 11) are overweight and 15. 3 percent are obese. For adolescents (ages 12 to 19), 30. 4 percent are overweight and 15. 5 percent are obese†. Every year the percentage of Americans increases the obesity and death rate in the United States of America. This all is happening because of unhealthy junk food we eat every day. People eat fast food almost every day because they are too lazy to cook healthy food in their home so they always look for quick and fast food like McDonalds, Burger King, KFC, Jack in the box etc. For some teenagers like college students it is becoming a regular meal because they don’t get time to cook healthy food and they always want an easy and quick meal. It is cheap and convenient. People have started eating more at fast food restaurants than eating at home but what they don’t know is that in future it can cause so many diseases like heart attacks, cholesterol, and stomach pains. Even though, fast food is quick and unhealthy food people still eat it because it tastes good. In 2008, 40,000 people die in America just because of eating fast food every day. It shows logos and pathos because it’s telling how people are crazy about fast food but they don’t know what type of consequence they will have to face after they get heart problems, cancer, and diabetes so on. My solution is Fast food should serve little more healthy food with fried sandwich and healthy juices so people will not get diseases like heart attacks, and stokes and it should just opened on weekends. If they started opening fast food restaurants on weekend only then people will cook in their home, eat healthy food, and will stay healthy too. They should issue id to everyone so people cannot eat twice and the people who ate on Saturdays they will not able to eat on Sundays. Fast food restaurant should also not be close to high schools because most of the teenagers love to eat junk food and they will not to eat healthy food. If we serve more healthy food than junk food than it will be effective for people and can saves their lives from diseases. People will object this solution because first they don’t like healthy food at all and even though junk food causes them so many problems they will not stop eating because we all are addicted to junk food. It can be solve if the fast food restaurants stop using cheap oil and fresh meat and serve healthy food with regular meal. There are couple steps we can follow if we all have to live healthy. Fast food restaurants should not be opened on other location because there are so many types of restaurant where ever you see sign of McDonalds, Burger King so on. But I think teenagers will not accept it because they are too lazy to cook their own food. Second Fast food restaurants should serve healthy food with regular meal. If they started doing this no one will come to fast food restaurants and business owners will not be able to make that much money that they use to from people before. Last, they should not be close to the school because most teenagers eat junk food and they will not be eating healthy food at all. My solution is best because first it will keeps people healthy and won’t get diseases like cancer, strokes and death rating will be reduce. Even though, people will not get to eat that much like fried chicken sandwich French fries they will stay healthier most of the time and get chance to live more. People will not be lazy to cook food in their home and they will more likely spend their times with their families. Then, most of the time people will eat with their families instead of eating alone. I know people will not accept this solution but if they want to survive and want to live healthy then they will accept this solution. I’m sure the Fast Food Company will not like this assessment because they wouldn’t able to make that much money that they use to. But people lives are more important than money. If people eat healthy food every day, they will not be lazy and more likely go to their work. They will be happy, cheerful and aggressive all the time. If people will be happy and aggressive, they will contribute more work while working Fast food is just making us large and giving us new type of disease. So I suggest people especially teenagers who are addicted to fast food should also eat healthy food. In real world, no one will follow these steps because it is a hard process and teenagers will not follow it because we cannot live without eating fast food and we are so lazy to cook healthy food and we always look for easy and quick meal even though we know its fried and can gave us terrible diseases. I suggest American government to pass this law to close fast food restaurants during the week fast food is eating us.

Irrational Choices Exposed in Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken Essay

Irrational Choices Exposed in The Road Not Taken Self-reliance in "The Road Not Taken" is alluringly embodied as the outcome of a story presumably representative of all stories of self-hood, and whose central episode is that moment of the turning-point decision, the crisis from which a self springs: a critical decision consolingly, for Frost's American readers, grounded in a rational act when a self, and therefore an entire course of life, are autonomously and irreversibly chosen. The particular Fireside poetic structure in which Frost incarnates this myth of selfhood is the analogical landscape poem, perhaps most famously executed by William Cullen Bryant in "To a Waterfowl," a poem that Matthew Arnold praised as the finest lyric of the nineteenth century and that Frost had by heart as a child thanks to his mother's enthusiasm. The analogical landscape poem draws its force from the culturally ancient and pervasive idea of nature as allegorical book, in its American poetic setting a book out of which to draw explicit lessons for the conduct of life (nature as self-help text). In its classic Fireside expression, the details of landscape and all natural events are cagily set up for moral summary as they are marched up to the poem's conclusion, like little imagistic lambs to slaughter, for their payoff in uplifting message. Frost appears to recapitulate the tradition 'in his sketching of the yellow wood and the two roads and in his channeling of the poem's course of events right up to the portentous colon ("Somewhere ages and ages hence:") beyond which lies the wisdom that we jot down and take home: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I -- I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the di... ...lly understood to endorse -- predicts, in other words, what the poem will be sentimentally made into, but from a place in the poem that its Atlantic Monthly reading, as it were, will never touch. The power of the last stanza within the Fireside teleology of analogical landscape assures Frost his popular audience, while for those who get his game -- some member, say, of a different audience, versed in the avant-garde little magazines and in the treacheries of irony and the impulse of the individual talent trying, as Pound urged, to "make it new" against the literary and social American grain - for that reader, this poem tells a different tale: that our life-shaping choices are irrational, that we are fundamentally out of control. This is the fabled "wisdom" of Frost, which he hides in a moralizing statement that asserts the consoling contrary of what he knows.

Critical Analysis of Tuesdays with Morrie by Mitch Albom Essay

Critical Analysis of Tuesdays with Morrie by Mitch Albom Tuesdays with Morrie, written by Mitch Albom, is a story of the love between a man and his college professor, Morrie Schwartz. This true story captures the compassion and wisdom of a man who only knew good in his heart and lived his life to the fullest up until the very last breath of his happily fulfilled life. When Mitch learned of Morrie’s illness, the began the last class of Morrie’s life together and together tried to uncover â€Å"The Meaning of Life.† These meetings included discussions on everything from the world when you enter it to the world when you say goodbye. Morrie Schwartz was a man of great wisdom who loved and enjoyed to see and experience simplicity in life, something beyond life’s most challenging and unanswered mysteries. Morrie was a one of a kind teacher who taught Mitch about the most important thing anyone can ever learn: life. He taught Mitch about his culture, about trust, and perhaps most importantly, about how to live. One lesson Morrie teaches Mitch is about the view his culture has and how we, not only Mitch but also the rest of the world, should not believe what they say. Morrie tells Mitch: â€Å"Take my condition. The things I am supposed to be embarrassed about now — not being able to walk, not being able to wipe my ass, waking up some mornings wanting to cry — there is nothing innately embarrassing about them. It's the same for women not being thin enough, or men not being rich enough. It's just what our culture would have you believe. Don't believe it.† Morrie speaks these words of advice to Mitch during their eleventh Tuesday together, when they talk specifically about culture. Gradually, Morrie has come to accept his physical handicaps, just as he has come to accept his impending death. He complains that the culture is wrong to deem natural physical need as socially embarrassing, and thus he refuses to believe that his handicaps are shameful. In rejecting the values of the popular culture, Morrie creates his own set of customs, which accommodate the physical shortcomings popular culture finds disgraceful and embarrassing. As Morrie sees it, popular culture is a dictator under which the human community must suffer. He has already suffered enough from his disease, and does not see why he ... ...s that one must accept the possibility of one's own death before he can truly appreciate what he has on earth, as the sobering awareness that one day, it will all be out of reach, prompts the urge to appreciate and value what one can have only for a limited period of time, and to use every moment of that time doing something that one will not regret when the bird sings its last note. Morrie’s messages about life in this book were not solely directed fro Mitch; they are meant for anyone who is willing to take the time to listen. For me, there is not only one thing I learned from Morrie. I learned that I should not take life for granted because you never know when it will be over. Even though I have heard it many times I never really believed that what the media says is not necessarily true, until I read this book. Finally, I learned that love and compassion, not only for others, but also for oneself are essential in living a happy life. It does not matter if someone is rich, or if they are poor for that matter. The truth is that as long as you lived your life as best you could, you learned from your mistakes, and you are happy with yourself, then you lead a fulfilling life. Critical Analysis of Tuesdays with Morrie by Mitch Albom Essay Critical Analysis of Tuesdays with Morrie by Mitch Albom Tuesdays with Morrie, written by Mitch Albom, is a story of the love between a man and his college professor, Morrie Schwartz. This true story captures the compassion and wisdom of a man who only knew good in his heart and lived his life to the fullest up until the very last breath of his happily fulfilled life. When Mitch learned of Morrie’s illness, the began the last class of Morrie’s life together and together tried to uncover â€Å"The Meaning of Life.† These meetings included discussions on everything from the world when you enter it to the world when you say goodbye. Morrie Schwartz was a man of great wisdom who loved and enjoyed to see and experience simplicity in life, something beyond life’s most challenging and unanswered mysteries. Morrie was a one of a kind teacher who taught Mitch about the most important thing anyone can ever learn: life. He taught Mitch about his culture, about trust, and perhaps most importantly, about how to live. One lesson Morrie teaches Mitch is about the view his culture has and how we, not only Mitch but also the rest of the world, should not believe what they say. Morrie tells Mitch: â€Å"Take my condition. The things I am supposed to be embarrassed about now — not being able to walk, not being able to wipe my ass, waking up some mornings wanting to cry — there is nothing innately embarrassing about them. It's the same for women not being thin enough, or men not being rich enough. It's just what our culture would have you believe. Don't believe it.† Morrie speaks these words of advice to Mitch during their eleventh Tuesday together, when they talk specifically about culture. Gradually, Morrie has come to accept his physical handicaps, just as he has come to accept his impending death. He complains that the culture is wrong to deem natural physical need as socially embarrassing, and thus he refuses to believe that his handicaps are shameful. In rejecting the values of the popular culture, Morrie creates his own set of customs, which accommodate the physical shortcomings popular culture finds disgraceful and embarrassing. As Morrie sees it, popular culture is a dictator under which the human community must suffer. He has already suffered enough from his disease, and does not see why he ... ...s that one must accept the possibility of one's own death before he can truly appreciate what he has on earth, as the sobering awareness that one day, it will all be out of reach, prompts the urge to appreciate and value what one can have only for a limited period of time, and to use every moment of that time doing something that one will not regret when the bird sings its last note. Morrie’s messages about life in this book were not solely directed fro Mitch; they are meant for anyone who is willing to take the time to listen. For me, there is not only one thing I learned from Morrie. I learned that I should not take life for granted because you never know when it will be over. Even though I have heard it many times I never really believed that what the media says is not necessarily true, until I read this book. Finally, I learned that love and compassion, not only for others, but also for oneself are essential in living a happy life. It does not matter if someone is rich, or if they are poor for that matter. The truth is that as long as you lived your life as best you could, you learned from your mistakes, and you are happy with yourself, then you lead a fulfilling life.

Cathedral Essay

El Ikor Professor Ravita English 1102 February 21, 2013 Cathedral Essay Don’t judge a book by its cover. Judge not, lest ye be judged. Two’s company and three’s a crowd. These are all well- known cliches that Raymond Carver was able to incorporate into his short story Cathedral. These cliches were able to take form as the story’s theme. The narrator (Bub) had a noticeable and open prejudice towards blind people. Carver was able to grasp how a person with a physical disability is coddled by society instead of being treated like an equal being.Bub’s anxiety and lack of enthusiasm was apparent when his wife invited her blind friend, Robert over for a visit. In the text Bub stated that he was not looking forward to having a blind man in his home. Within the story the narrator shows his ignorance and lack of factual knowledge of blind people. The narrator needed a personal experience with a disabled person before being able to comprehend the degree of hi s ignorance. His experience with a blind man taught him more than he was expecting to learn. Bub was able to discard his pre conceptions of Robert through interaction and surveillance with and of him.There was not an open welcoming of Robert’s visit from the narrator. Bub’s displeasure for having a blind person in his home originated from uneducated and ignorant beliefs. He truly believed that blind people were never happy and always moved slow. In the story, the narrator is shocked that Robert is able to easily feed himself. Bub’s stereotypical thoughts are evidence of the first cliche, â€Å"Don’t judge a book by its cover. † In the text Bub stated that he’d seen movies of blind people but he never truly interacted with a blind person before. He was very judgmental of Robert before even meeting him.From the moment Robert arrived, the narrator began to realize that his pre conceptions of the blind were fallacies. Carver’s use of this cliche conveys one of the underlying themes in the story. Carver’s use of the second cliche â€Å"Judge not, lest ye be judged,’ is evident throughout the entire story. Not only did Bub pre judge Robert before meeting him, but also he pre judged all blind people by grouping them into one helpless category. Robert continued to surprise Bub with his normalcy and similarities. Bub assumed that Robert was going to be helpless and in need of constant care.His assumptions towards blind people were unwarranted and derived from a superabundant intake of television. The fact that something as simple as a beard on a blind man surprised him is evidence that Bub’s ignorance was out of control. Bub was not able to differentiate between fact and fiction therefore he judged without plausible cause. After just a short time with Robert, Bub understood that his previous judgments and assumptions were incorrect. Bub saw that Robert, a blind man, was not as helpless as television would convey him as. Bub’s anxiety about Robert’s visit stemmed from more than him being a blind man.Bub also felt uncomfortable with the relationship Robert had with his wife. Robert and the narrator’s wife were able to keep a healthy friendship for a decade without seeing each other. Bub and his wife’s relationship lacked communication. In the text it is apparent that the narrator and his wife have constant small tiffs with each other. Robert and Bub’s wife sent each other tapes for years telling stories and keeping touch. Carver used the cliche, â€Å"Two’s company and three is a crowd,† as another theme for the story. Robert did not want to feel like the third wheel in his own home.Bub was jealous of the relationship Robert and his wife shared. The fact that Robert was a blind man connecting with his wife on this level did not make Bub welcome him into his home any more. Carver’s insertions of these latent cliches were fun damental to the story and the growth of Robert’s mental character. All of the cliches ultimately incorporated into the theme of the story. The stories most pre dominant or all powerful cliche was most certainly don’t judge a book by its cover. The narrator was completely insensitive to having a blind man in his home because of his pre conceived ideas.Bub was able to discard his pre notions of Robert through interaction and surveillance. After spending time with a person that he had these predetermined judgments of, he was able to willing open his mind and see that he was wrong. Bub was able to see more similarities than differences a blind person has with himself. Bub is able to grasp the concept that Robert’s lack of sight does not define him as an individual. He was able to learn valuable lessons from Robert. The underlying cliches without a doubt played there role throughout the story to teach Bub these lessons.

Tasm Essays

Tasm Essays Tasm Essay Tasm Essay TASM Transputer Assembler User Guide TASM Version 91. 1 5/15/91 Copyright 1986s Option Information Option Descriptions 3 TASM Assembly Language Syntax Semantics TASM Assembly Language Introduction TASM Pseudo-Opcodes Sample TASM Program Assembly Language Listing Format Assembly Language Macros Operational Statistics Using the Preprocessor with TASM Notes on Using the Preprocessor 4 Appendix A: Error Messages Types of Error Messages Error Message Descriptions 5 Appendix B: Transputer Instruction Set Direct Functions Indirect Functions 6 Appendix C: TASM Internals Source Code Organization and Compiling Transputer Toolset TASM Transputer Assembler Introduction Overview TASM is a relocating assembler for INMOS Transputers. It supports standard INMOS mnemonics and allows splitting a program into separate pieces which are combined at linkage time. TASM is designed to be used in two ways: 1. As a post-pass to the TCX C compiler. The compiler generates an assembly language output file and TASM is used to turn it into relocatable format. The advantage of this scheme is the fact that the compiler can allow in-line assembly language without having to also have a redundant assembler built in. 2. As a stand-alone tool for doing assembly language programming on the Transputer. In this role it is often combined with the preprocessor from the C compiler (PP), which allows multi-line recursive macros, conditional assembly, include files, etc. TASM has been designed to be used with PP and can parse information PP provides to generate an assembly listing of source code which may have originated in many different files and been subsequently combined by PP. The architecture of the Transputer requires that some of the code generation be delayed until the linker/locater stage to insure minimum length prefix strings are generated for all instructions. TASM supports this by determining which instructions can be finished and which cannot at assembly time. TASM finishes those which can be and provides information to the linker (TLNK), about the others. TASM uses a multiple pass algorithm to determine which instructions can be finished and what the corresponding minimum length instruction prefix strings should be. The algorithm used doesnt guarantee minimum length prefixes in all cases (generating a minimum length program is a theoretically hard problem), but does a pretty fair job in a moderate amount of time. System Requirements TASM requires approximately 256K of program memory space to run. It should run in any environment which supports other major system development tools (compilers, etc). TASM does use a fair bit of disk space with temporary, output, and listing files. As an estimate, you should have disk space available that is twice the size of the input file for the temporary files, and space equal to the size of the input file for the output file (both types of files will be used at the same time when TASM is generating the output file). If you wish to generate a listing file you should have additional space available equal to twice the input file size. Note that a fair amount of I/O is done to the temporary files and they should be located on the fastest mass storage device available (see Usage section below for more information on how to specify this). 2 TASM Transputer Assembler Transputer Toolset Usage The general form of the TASM command line is: tasm ;input_filename; [;temp_directory;] [-[options]*]* The basic idea is to specify the required input filename (complete with filename extension if not . al), followed by an optional temporary file directory pathname, followed by any options needed. Note that in this case, since no explicit output filename has been specified, the output filename will default to that of the input filename, but with an extension of . trl in place of any extension the input filename had. The temporary file pathname is used to tell TASM to use somewhere other than the current directory (or if the TMP environment variable exists, the directory it specifies), to hold the temporary files TASM generates. If possible, the temporary file pathname (whether explicit or via TMP), should be set to the fastest mass storage available (ideally a rams Assume you wish to assemble a program stored on file foo. tal; The syntax needed is simply: tasm foo In this case TASM would use the TMP directory (or the current directory if TMP isnt defined), to hold its temporary files (foo. 1 and foo. 2). If you had fast storage available on pathname /fast you could use: tasm foo /fast If you wanted to write the relocatable output to some file other than foo. trl, say foobar. huh, you would use the -o option flag followed by the desired output filename: tasm foo /fast -o foobar. huh 3 Transputer Toolset TASM Transputer Assembler Option Information As seen above with the -o flag, an option flag may need a following parameter, although many option flags are simple switches which may be grouped together following a common - option flag lead-in. For instance, if you wish to toggle the verbose output mode and you wish to generate an assembly listing, the following command line will do it: tasm foo -lv Where the l indicates you want the listing and the v sets the output mode to verbose if TASM defaults to quiet and vice versa (actual default depends on the configuration of TASM). The above result could also be obtained by separating the option flags: tasm foo -l -v Please note, although in the above examples the option flags were in lowercase, uppercase is also allowed (some systems support nothing else)! Option Descriptions The following descriptions detail all the option flags available with TASM, what each does, and what additional parameters are required (if any): Option flag: -c This option is provided to compress the TASM output file. Doing this removes all the debug information. The big motivation is that this often cuts the output file size in half! It is particularly useful when building libraries or other chunks of code which arent routinely debugged. Option flag: -l As mentioned previously, this option causes TASM to generate an assembly listing. The filename for the listing is the same as the output filename with an extension of . lst. For example: tasm foo -l TASM would read the input file from foo. tal, use foo. trl as the output file AND write the listing to foo. lst. The -l option is not allowed if the original source text was not assembly language (see the -t option below). See later sections of this chapter for a description of the assembly language listing format. TASM Transputer Assembler Transputer Toolset Option flag: -o output_filename This option flag allows you to explicitly specify the output filename (including extension), for TASM to use for the relocatable output file. If you dont provide an explicit extension TASM will use . trl. Option flag: -q{0|1|2} These option flags allow you to control the level of prefix byte optimization that TASM will perform. The choices are -q0 (no optimization, all references will be 8 bytes long), -q1 (optimize to minimize the number of symbols and references which are passed on to the linkage phase), and the default, -q2 (maximum optimization by deferring ALL boundary cases to link time). The -q1 option is mainly provided for backward compatibility with pre-87. 8 versions of TASM (where it was the default). The -q0 option speeds up the execution of TASM in addition to potentially speeding up the execution of TLNK. During the early stages of program development use of the -q0 flag on all files which make up a program (including those from libraries), will eliminate the otherwise required prefix optimization performed by TLNK and thus hasten the development cycle. On the down side the -q0 option nearly doubles the program code size and execution time! Option flag: -t This option flag is used if the input file TASM is assembling was the result of a language translator. What this actually does is to inhibit TASM from counting input lines in an attempt to keep track of source input line numbers. TASM still accepts and updates its line number information in response to #line directives which are presumed to reflect the line numbers in the original source text. Using this option allows the line number information which is contained in the relocatable output file to represent the original source code line numbers instead of the (in this case), intermediate assembly language file line numbers. Using this option disables the generation of an assembly language source listing. Option flag: -v This option flag toggles TASM between the verbose and quiet output modes. Depending on the configuration of TASM this option will either cause additional information to be written to the user or disable same (the opposite of whatever the default setting is). 5 Transputer Toolset TASM Transputer Assembler TASM Assembly Language Syntax and Semantics The next several sections describe the syntax and semantics of the assembly language TASM accepts. TASM has some syntax and semantic features in common with C. Rather than repeat information which is familiar to many, we will refer you to a C reference manual for explanations about some features. The manual we recommend is: C A Reference Manual Samuel P. Harbison/Guy L. Steele Jr. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632 Most other C texts also provide the level of description needed to understand the features TASM shares with C. TASM Assembly Language Introduction TASM uses the standard INMOS abbreviations for instruction names (see appendix B for a listing of these). TASM is line oriented with one instruction allowed per line. Each line has the following format: [;label_field;] [;opcode_field;] [;operand_field;] Some sample assembly language statements: test j @test ;Doesnt go anywhere very fast mint ;Minimum integer instruction .db hello ;Define C-style string constant label3 ;Single label with no opcode label4: ;Colons in labels are ignored As you can see, comments are allowed after a trailing ;, and last until the end of the line. Comments may appear anywhere in a line (including the first column), but anything afterwards is ignored. Labels are optional and must begin in the first column. The opcode field holds the instruction or pseudo-op name, it must not begin in the first column. The operand field contains any required parameters for the instruction or pseudo-op listed prior to it on the line. Fields should be separated with either spaces or tabs. Labels and other TASM symbols are from 1 to 255 characters long. They are case sensitive. Labels begin with a letter, a _ or a ? . They may contain those symbols plus digits. Labels may optionally be terminated with (or contain), one or more colon characters. Colon characters are allowed for compatibility with other assemblers and do not count as part of the label (you should not use a colon in any symbols you use in any operand fields). 6 TASM Transputer Assembler Transputer Toolset The operand field follows the label field and contains either an instruction opcode or a pseudo-opcode. The pseudo-ops are begun with a . , but are otherwise similar in form to opcodes (see the next section for information about them). The operand field contains different types of things depending on what the preceeding opcode or pseudo-op is. The types are: aâ‚ ¬? C style constant expressions. These include character constants and the other standard C features. You may also include symbols in constant expressions as long as they are defined in a . set pseudo-op prior to the constant expression in the file (no forward references allowed). Please see a C reference manual for a description of the constant expression syntax. Some examples: a -12 +1 (234+0x12)/022 + 33+ 23 ? 17 : 55 (help + me) / 0x3 ;help and me must be ; already . set $12 ;$ causes wordlength scaling In the above examples note that TASM allows a unary +, which is not legal in C (pre-ANSI anyway). The value of a constant expression is just its numerical equivalent. Thus, a constant expression in a data definition pseudo-op just defines a byte or word location with the specified value. A constant expression as an operand to an instruction just uses the numerical value to compute a prefix string for the instruction. Note that the $ symbol may be used before the start of a constant expression to force the value of the expression to be scaled (divided), by the processor wordlength in bytes. Since the $ may only appear as the first character in an operand field, it can only be used when the operand is a pure constant and not as part of the constant component of a non-constant expression. The expression to which the $ operator is applied must be a multiple of the scaling wordlength or an error will be flagged. aâ‚ ¬? C style string constants. These include the normal character escapes allowed by C and are only legal for use with the define byte pseudo-ops (. db or . dbnz). A string used with the . db pseudo-op will have the normal C style zero termination character while a string used with . dbnz will omit the terminator (the two pseudo-ops are otherwise identical). For example: .db Testing 1 2 3 7 Transputer Toolset TASM Transputer Assembler aâ‚ ¬? Address expressions. These consist of an symbol name followed by an optional constant expression. Some examples: hello+27 frank start -27+(0x66/2) The value of the symbols used in the above examples is the address of the corresponding symbol definitions, NOT the relative offset from the current program counter to the symbol. These types of expressions are not fully bound at assembly time since the actual load address for the program is unknown. The term bound is used here to mean that the value of the prefix string for an instruction (or the value to store into a data word), cant be determined until the actual location for the symbol definition is assigned by the linker (TLNK). These expressions are allowed as operands of instructions or define word (. dw), pseudo-ops (essentially word size pointers). aâ‚ ¬? Relative expressions. These consist of a @ followed by an optional symbol name, followed by an optional constant expression. These are allowed as operands of instructions or define word (. dw), pseudo-ops. They allow the PC relative offset from the instruction (or data item), to the specified constant or symbolic address to be the value of the expression. Some examples: @1 @hello +27 @ 100 0x10000 @ Gorge (a + z) 1 Note that there is a difference in value when a relative expression is used with an instruction versus its use in a . dw pseudo-op. When used with an instruction, the expression is evaluated so as to produce a prefix string which will correctly access the desired value (remember that the Transputer computes all relative offsets with reference to the memory location FOLLOWING the opcode byte of the instruction). In the case of the . dw pseudo-op, the value of the expression is the relative offset referenced to the START of the . dw memory location. Note that if a relative expression contains a symbol it must immediately follow the @. If the expression doesnt contain a symbol the constant expression is evaluated and the result is used as an address from which a relative offset is computed, starting at the appropriate current PC location, to determine the value to prefix the instruction with. For instance, if you wanted to create a jump to location 45 (decimal), you would use: j @45 Note that expressions which contain non-symbolic relative expressions cant be bound at assembly time since the load address for the instruction or data reference is unknown until link/locate time. 8 TASM Transputer Assembler Transputer Toolset Some examples of relative expression instructions with symbol names: cj @hello + 10 call @Byte_output .dw @Beginning_of_data + 10 Symbolic relative expressions can be bound at assembly time (assuming the symbol is defined locally, and there are no unbound instructions which are between the symbol definition and the instruction or . dw which references it). aâ‚ ¬? Difference expressions. These consist of an optional wordlength scaling operator ($), a symbol name minus another symbol name, followed by an optional constant expression. Some examples: @[emailprotected] + 1 hello-goodby zip-zap + 21 $zip-zap + 4 To most assemblers this type of expression is just a normal absolute reference. TASM treats this as a special case since the variable length effects of the unbound prefix strings may cause this expression to be only partly bound at assembly time. This form of expression may be used with both instructions and . dw pseudo-ops (the $ operator can only be used with instructions), but will probably be used most as an operand to ldc instructions which compute the branch length for lend instructions. For example: begin ;Beginning of loop body body of loop load pointer to lend parameter block ldc @[emailprotected] ;Compute branch length for lend lend ;Go back to beginning of loop end ;End of loop body Note that the optional $ wordlength scaling operator causes the value of the remainder of the expression to be scaled by the wordlength (in bytes), of the processor family for which TASM is assembling code. aâ‚ ¬? Floating point constants. These are used with the . real32 and . real64 pseudo-ops to initialize memory locations with the equivalent number represented in ei ther IEEE 32 bit or 64 bit binary format. The floating point constant syntax follows that of C. TASM doesnt support floating point assembly time math, just the conversion operation (similar to initializing memory locations with the results of the C atof function). Some examples: .real32 0. 0 ;Initialize a word to 0. 0 .real32 3. 1415926,12 ;Initialize two words .real64 1. 0,2. 0,3e-39 ;Initialize three double ;words 9 Transputer Toolset TASM Transputer Assembler TASM Pseudo-Opcodes The previous section covered the operand fields of instructions and pseudo-ops in abstract, this section covers them in detail. All TASM source files must begin with a pseudo-op which tells TASM what Transputer the code is being assembled for, since different versions support different instructions (and possibly different ways of generating code). The currently supported Transputers are the T2 series (T212/T222/T225), the T4 series (T400/T414/T425), and the T8 series (T800/T801/T805). To select a Transputer CPU type use one of the following pseudo-ops: .all ;Instructions for all 32 bit CPU types .t212 ;T212/T222/T225 are described as t212 .t414 ;T400/T414/T425 are described as t414 .t800 ;T800/T801/T805 are described as t800 Note that . all is the default if no processor type is explicitly selected. The . all selection is primarily used when building code which is intended to run on any 32 bit Transputer (such as demonstration programs). Also note that both opcodes and pseudo- ops may be in either upper or lower case and that all pseudo-op names begin with a period. All TASM source files should end with: .end ;No operand is required This causes anything beyond it in the source code to be ignored. The use of this pseudo-op is not strictly required since TASM treats the end of the file as a defacto . nd, but it is important when TASM is being used with the preprocessor (PP). PP will otherwise remove any trailing comments and conditional assembly code from the input file to TASM, and thus remove the trailing stuff from any assembly listing which TASM makes. 10 TASM Transputer Assembler Transputer Toolset Between these two pseudo-ops lies the body of the code. The remaining pseudo- ops are: 1. #line ;line_n umber; [;filename;] This violates the normal rules about pseudo-ops in that it begins with a #, and it also starts in the first column. This is emitted by the preprocessor to update TASM about where the next input line to TASM really came from in the source file. The optional filename field indicates that the next line is also coming from a different original source file (the result of PP doing a #include). The information from these pseudo-ops is used to enable TASM to put the code from the original source file on the assembly listing, instead of the merged mess which PP generates. Use your C reference to find out further about this preprocessor directive. . .align This pseudo-op tells TASM to word-align the next instruction or data statement. 3. .db value_for_byte [, value_for_byte]* This pseudo-op is used to initialize memory bytes to specific values. The value_for_byte field may be either a constant expression, or it may be a C style string (complete with automatic zero termination). 4. .dbnz value_for_byte [, value_for_byte]* This pseudo-op is identical to . db except the automatic zero byte termination of strings is eliminated. This pseudo-op was implemented to simplify the use of TASM with languages other that C (although the C string character escape sequences are still used). 5. .ds number_of_bytes This pseudo-op reserves storage for the specified number_of_bytes. Any constant expression may be used in the operand field. The space reserved in this way will be initialized to zero when the program is downloaded to the Transputer. 11 Transputer Toolset TASM Transputer Assembler 6. .dw value_for_word [, value_for_word]* This pseudo-op is used to initialize memory words (2 or 4 consecutive bytes depending on wordlength), to specific values. Note that this pseudo-op does NOT automatically perform word alignment; Use a . align prior to the . dw if alignment is necessary. The value_for_word field may contain the same types of operands as allowed for instructions (see the section on instruction operand fields). As mentioned in that secion, relative expressions applied to . w are relative to the beginning of the word, NOT the location following, as is the case with relative references in instructions. You may not use C style string constants with the . dw pseudo-op. 7. .emulate This pseudo-op enables instruction emulation. This is used when you wish to simulate the effects of instructions which the currently selected Transputer processor type doesnt directly support. For example, you tell TASM you are using a T414 pro cessor (via a . t414), then use a DUP instruction (after having given the . mulate directive). TASM will treat this as if you had given it an instruction of the form: call @? DUP Note that the instruction name called is always in upper case regardless of its original case in the input file. Also TASM will generate a . ext reference for symbols created this way if they havent been previously encountered in the source file. It is up to the programmer to supply the simulation routine being called! 8. .ext symbol_name [, symbol_name]* The specified symbol_names are declared to be defined external to this source file. Its presumed that the definitions will appear in other files which will be combined with the relocatable output of this one at link time. You may not both define a symbol within the current source file AND declare it . ext. If a symbol which is declared . ext is not also referenced in the source file, the external reference is not included in the relocatable output file (no error is generated). 12 TASM Transputer Assembler Transputer Toolset 9. ldc ;operand_field; This pseudo-op has the same syntax and semantics as the normal ldc instruction, but TASM and TLNK are free to use instructions other than ldc to load the desired value onto the top of the stack. This is useful when the immediate data to load is a large negative number and an equivalent code sequence of mint/adc can be used to load the same value in fewer bytes and instruction cycles. Another form of instruction sequence which may be generat ed is a ldc/ldpi sequence for cases when the current program counter is close to the desired address. This pseudo-op is extensively used by the TCX C compiler to minimize the length of static references. Note that this pseudo- op is affected by the . rel and . norel pseudo-ops when generating address expressions (code which computes the address of a symbol), for example: .ldc zip + 21 ;Load address of zip + 21 bytes Normally, this is allowed to use any of the optimization techniques to minimize the length of the generated code. However, if the . rel pseudo-op has been given, this form of reference is constrained to use the ldc/ldpi instruction sequence to maintain the runtime relocation capability. Note that all other forms of the . ldc instruction are unaffected by the current . rel/ . norel setting. 10. .mod module_number TASM supports up to 256 different modules, numbered 0 to 255. These modules are used to allow code and data which should be physically located in separate memory areas to be combined into the same source text stream. This facility corresponds to the code and data regions available with many assemblers, except 256 different modules are allowed. By default, if no . od is given, the code and data which is present in the source file is placed into module 0. The linker (TLNK), allows you to select where each module from each source file will end up (or you may let it do the locating job for you). 11. .noemulate This allows you to turn-off the instruction simulation facility which a previous . emulate enabled. 12. .norel A complement to the . rel pseudo-op, this allows the address form of the . dc instruction to generate the shortest/fastest possible code, ign oring the possibility of program runtime relocation. This pseudo-op is in effect by default and is used to turn- off the effects of a previous . rel pseudo-op. 13 Transputer Toolset TASM Transputer Assembler 13. .pub symbol_name [, symbol_name]* The specified symbol_names are declared to be defined within this source file and are made public, so that other files may refer to the symbol. You may not declare a symbol both . pub and . ext. If a symbol which is declared . ub is not also defined in the source file, the public reference is not included in the relocatable output file (no error is generated). 14. .real32 fp_value_for_word [, fp_value_for_word]* This pseudo-op is used to initialize memory words (4 consecutive bytes), to values which correspond to the IEEE 32 bit floating point representation of the specified value. Note that this pseudo-op does NOT automatically perform word alignment; Use a . align prior to the . real32 if alignment is necessary. The fp_value_for_word field may contain the same types of floating point constants that C allows. 15. real64 fp_value_for_double_word [, fp_value_for_double_word]* This pseudo-op is used to initialize memory double words (8 consecutive bytes), to values which correspond to the IEEE 64 bit floating point representation of the specified value. Note that this pseudo-op does NOT automatically perform word alignment; Use a . align prior to the . real64 if alignment is necessary. The fp_value_for_double_word field may contain the same types of floating point constants that C allows. 16. .rel Forces all . ldc pseudo-ops which follow to generate runtime relocatable code by using the ldc/ldpi instruction sequence for symbolic address expressions. This pseudo-op allows the generation of position independent code (assuming address expressions are not also used in initialized data areas, etc). Note that this pseudo-op will generally result in a somewhat larger/slower program since the other possibilities for . dc instruction optimization are thereby disabled. This pseudo-op is NOT in effect initially in TASM and may be turned off once invoked by the later use of the . norel pseudo-op. 14 TASM Transputer Assembler Transputer Toolset 17. .retf ;workspace_adjust_constant; This pseudo-op is used by our C compiler as a function exit code short form. It translates into a ajw instruction with the specified workspace_adjust_constant used as the operand field, followed by a ret. A couple of notes about the results of this pseudo- op: First if the constant value is zero, no ajw is generated. Second, any code after a . retf and before a label or pseudo-op is encountered is removed. Additionally, if the pseudo-op encountered is another . retf, the SECOND . retf is also removed! 18. .set symbol_name , constant_expression The specified symbol_name is defined to have the value of the corresponding constant expression. This pseudo-op provides a equate capability for forward and backward references. The symbol name may be subsequently used in the constant expression part of the operand field for an instruction or pseudo-op which follows the . set in the source file. The symbol is otherwise treated identically to symbols defined as labels (it may be declared public for instance). 19. .sym symbol_name [, address_expression] [, constant_expression]* This pseudo-op is used to hold debugging information for use by other tools in the Transputer Toolset. The arbitrary string, symbol_name, is assigned a series of values including an optional, symbolic, address_expression (whose exact value is unknown until linkage time), and zero or more, 4 byte, constant_expression fields. The actual use of this statement involves a convention between the tool generating them (TCX), and a later debugging tool which interprets them. See the information about the T_DEBUG_DATA, and T_DEBUGSYM_DATA, relocatable records, in the TASM/TLNK/TLIB RELOCATABLE RECORD AND FILE FORMAT manual, for more information. 0. .val symbol_name , constant_expression This pseudo-op is similar to . set but is used for assigning purely local constant values to the symbol_name. The references to a symbol defined this way must be strictly backwards and may not be external to the file. The primary advantage of . val over . set is that the symbol name used by . val may be redefined by a subsequent . val without having to create a new symbol. This is not possible with . set since both forwards and backwards references are allowed. 15 Transputer Toolset TASM Transputer Assembler Assembly Language Listing Format As mentioned elsewhere, TASM will generate an assembly language listing if the -l command line option flag is given. This file will be written on a filename which is the same as the input filename, but with an extension of . lst in place of any extension the input file had. TASM is designed to be used with the PP preprocessor, this carries over to the design of the listing facility for TASM. In particular, TASM can use information PP inserts in the input file to determine where the source text it is reading originally came from (say via #include PP directives). Using this information, TASM will find and use the original source code from wherever it came from when it creates the assembly listing. TASM cant create an assembly listing if the original source code was written in some language other than assembly (see the -t option flag). As a side note: If TASM detected assembly time errors it doesnt generate a relocatable output file. It also doesnt do the final binding passes it needs to resolve all the relative operand fields for instructions. This shows up on the assembly listing as instructions which are listed as un-bound (see below), when they really could have been bound. The format of the assembly listing is: statuslinelocationassembled_codesource_code The status field is used to show any error flags which were generated by that source code line, or a . if something on the line was not completely bound at assembly time. The possible error flags are: D Duplicate symbol definition error. E Expression field error. F Floating point constant error. N Not implemented error (opcode/pseudo-op). O Opcode/pseudo-op unknown error. U Undefined symbol error. See the corresponding error messages in appendix A for more information about what causes these errors. If the instruction was bound, and didnt contain any errors, this field is blank. 16 TASM Transputer Assembler Transputer Toolset The line field indicates which source code line this is. Note that the source code filename is shown on a banner at the top of the page initially, and a new page eject and banner is generated whenever the source code filename changes. The location field. This indicates the current location counter relative to the currently active module. This value will not be correct if the program contains any un-bound references, or errors, since the actual sizing and locating is delayed until linkage time. This field is shown for instructions or pseudo-ops which do anything interesting, and unconditionally for the first line in a new source file. The assembled_code field. This field contains up to the first 8 bytes of code the instruction or data pseudo-op generated. If the source line is un-bound, and this information isnt known yet, this field is used to show the value of whatever the source code operand field contained in the form of a constant expression. The source_code field. This contains the original source code as read from whatever file originally held it (assuming PP was used), or simply the TASM input file if PP isnt being used. Assembly Language ; Macros When PP is being used with TASM, multi-line macros may cause many assembly language statements to be generated for a single source statement. This is handled on the assembly listing by simply showing the single original source code line. The problem is that the meanings of the various fields to the left of the source code line change somewhat. The basic rules are: aâ‚ ¬? The status field shows the first error encountered in the assembly statements which were generated by that source code line. If no errors need to be reported this field will contain a . if any of the statements generated were unbound. If none of these conditions prevailed this field will be blank to indicate no trouble. aâ‚ ¬? The line field acts normally and shows the source text line number. aâ‚ ¬? The location field shows the location counter of the first instruction or pseudo- op in the macro expansion which generated any code. In other words, it reflects the start of the macro if anything useful happens. aâ‚ ¬? The assembled_code field shows the contents of the first operation in the macro expansion which placed anything in this field. It doesnt append the code generated by later instructions in the macro if the field isnt full yet. aâ‚ ¬? The source_code field acts normally and shows the original source text of the macro call. 17 Transputer Toolset TASM Transputer Assembler Operational Statistics Assuming no errors were encountered, TASM adds some operational information to the listing following the source code (this information is also written to standard output if you havent disabled verbose output mode). The information written consists of the number of external symbols which were defined or referenced, the number of local symbols which were defined, and the number of local symbols which were exported in the relocatable output file for eventual binding by TLNK. The percentage of TASMs symbol table capacity which was used is also indicated. Note, within TASM, both local and external symbols use the same symbol table. The last item on the listing (or standard output), is a count of the total errors encountered. This is a useful addition to the line-by-line error indications since multi- line macro expansion sometimes generates more than the one error which can be flagged on a given source line. Using the Preprocessor with TASM Using the preprocessor (PP), with TASM greatly improves the ease of programming, and the resulting readablity, of assembly language programs. If TASM is being used as a post-pass to the TCX C compiler, PP is not required (the C compiler handles those sorts of details with the help of PP itself). Assuming you are programming directly in assembly language, PP used with TASM offers the following improvements over using TASM by itself: aâ‚ ¬? Macro processing. PP allows both simple text replacement and powerful multi- line parameterized macros. Workspace offsets, symbolically defined configuration values, etc. , are all good uses for this facility. The fancy parameterized macros are nice for creating in-line code, and PP has facilities for generating unique symbols which can be used to allow local labels and symbols within macro body expansions. aâ‚ ¬? Include files. PP allows nested include files to be used. This is useful when a set of configuration parameters is being shared by all the files in a program, but you only want to have one set of definitions. aâ‚ ¬? Conditional Assembly. Using PP allows you to do C style conditional assembly. This is useful when you wish to have two or more versions of a program share the same source text (and thus get updated together). aâ‚ ¬? C style comments. You may use C style comments in source code for TASM when you use PP (since it filters them out). To find more out about these facilities consult your C reference manual. You may also want to consult PP C PREPROCESSOR USER GUIDE for implementation- dependent information about PP. 18 TASM Transputer Assembler Transputer Toolset Notes on Using the Preprocessor The following example will preprocess and assemble a file named test. pal: tcc test. pal +a-l -c Note that the +a-l directive tells TCC to pass a -l directive to TASM telling it to generate a test. lst assembly language listing file. The -c flag tells TCC that linking will not be necessary. The relocatable output file will be written on test. rl. A few notes should be mentioned about using PP with TASM: 1. If you are having trouble, or are unsure where a problem lies, check the output file written by PP to see what TASM is really getting as input. This is necessary since TASM shows the original source text on the assembly listing, not what it actually read as processed by PP. This is particularly useful in debugging macros, since the assembly listing only shows the macro call, not the subsequent expansion. 2. Within macros you should be careful about using ; assembly language comments. Remember that these comments are NOT comments to PP and it will pass them on through to TASM. A place where this crops up is when you define a symbol to have some value in a #define macro and follow it with a ; comment in the source text. The result is that anything you place in the operand field AFTER the spot where the macro replacement is done, gets commented out! As a general rule you should use C style comments for anything involving macros. 19 Transputer Toolset TASM Transputer Assembler Appendix A: Error Messages Types of Error Messages There are three classes of error messages which TASM can generate: aâ‚ ¬? Warnings. These are used to report problems which arent severe enough to cause TASM to abort (exit with a non-zero return value). These messages usually indicate trouble which isnt immediate, but may be soon! The format for warnings is: WARNING: message_text aâ‚ ¬? Non-fatal errors. These are used for reporting actual error conditions which will affect the return value given when TASM exits. If one or more non-fatal errors are encountered TASM will return a non-zero return code, otherwise it will give a return code of zero. Another result of encountering non-fatal errors is that the generation of a relocatable output file is inhibited (although if a assembly listing was requested it will be generated). The format for non-fatal errors is: filename @ line_number: message_text Where the filename field indicates the current source code file being read, the line_number field gives the line where the problem was detected, and the message_text field indicates the actual problem encountered. Note that non-fatal errors are also displayed on the listing (see the Assembly Language Listing Format section for a description of the format). â‚ ¬? Fatal errors. If the problem detected by TASM is so severe that it cant continue operating, it will give a fatal error message: FATAL: message_text After printing one of these messages, TASM will immediately exit with its error return code set (non-zero). 20 TASM Transputer Assembler Transputer Toolset Error Message Descriptions The following descriptions list the various error messages which TASM can generate (in alphabetic order): lt;filename @ line_number: Duplicate symbol definition: symbol_name The named symbol was either defined more than once, or defined once and mentioned in a . ext pseudo-op. filename @ line_number: Expression field error This error is generated whenever an illegal expression is present in the operand field of a opcode or pseudo-op. A few of the possible causes: aâ‚ ¬? Having an expression field which is not representable in 16 bits when assembling for a 16 bit processor. aâ‚ ¬? Using anything other than a string or a constant expression with a . db pseudo-op. If you want to reference an address you need to use a . dw instead. aâ‚ ¬? Using a relative reference within a . dw pseudo-op. Only constant expressions or address references are allowed there. aâ‚ ¬? Using a module number which is outside the range of 0 to 255 which is allowed for . mod declarations. FATAL: Corrupted temp file: filename This error usually occurs when the contents of a temporary file get corrupted by the file system somehow. If you have been changing TASM or recompiling it for another system, this error message indicates that the type field in one of the internal temporary file records was not one of the allowed types. This generally happens when you make a change to one of the places which adds or removes temporary file records without changing all the other occurences (you will generally need to make changes to files tasm2. c, tasm4. c, and tasm5. c together). 21 Transputer Toolset TASM Transputer Assembler FATAL: Error reading input file: filename TASM got an error return during one of its read operations on input file filename. This usually indicates trouble with whatever mass storage device is being used, and/or a corrupted input file. If the preprocessor (PP), was used to prepare the input source file AND a listing is being requested, this error could indicate problems have cropped up in one of the source files between the time PP originally read it, and when TASM re-reads it to generate the assembly listing. FATAL: Error reading temp file: filename TASM got an error return during one of its read operations on temporary file filename. This usually indicates trouble with whatever mass storage device is being used. FATAL: Error setting stream buffer for file: filename This error results when TASM is compiled with a non-zero IOBUFSIZE in file taldef. h but is unable to explicitly set the temporary file I/O buffer using setvbuf during execution. The return code from the setvbuf call is what actually triggers this error. As a workaround you can set IOBUFSIZE to 0 and recompile TASM, or you can figure out what is wrong with your C library. The file listed is the temporary file to which TASM was attempting to attach the buffer. FATAL: Error writing listing file: filename At some point TASM was unable to write to the named listing file. This generally occurs because of insufficient file space. FATAL: Error writing output file: filename TASM detected an error while it was writing the relocatable output file. This error generally occurs when insufficient disk space is available for the output file, as well as the temporary files which also exist during this period. FATAL: Error writing temp file: filename At some point TASM was unable to write to the named temporary file. This generally occurs because of insufficient space on whatever device the temporary files are being written on (either the TMP directory, the current directory, or a special fast one selected via the command line). 2 TASM Transputer Assembler Transputer Toolset FATAL: Insufficient stream buffer memory for file: filename If the value of IOBUFSIZE in taldef. h is non-zero, TASM will explicitly allocate temporary file I/O buffers (via malloc calls). If the memory cant be obtained for one of these buffers, this error message results. The filename listed is the one for which the buffer was intended. To get around this problem you should try to increas e the amount of available C heap memory. If you are using TASM on a PC, get rid of any unnecessary memory resident programs. As a last ditch effort you can reduce the value of IOBUFSIZE and recompile TASM, but TASM execution speed will suffer noticeably. FATAL: Insufficient symbol table string memory TASM was unable to obtain (via malloc calls), enough memory to hold all of the symbols and labels used in the input file. The obvious solution is to reduce the number and length of the symbols in the input file. If you are using TASM on a PC you should try eliminating unnecessary memory resident programs as a first step in getting more memory. FATAL: Line too long in input file: filename TASM read an input line which was longer than 300 bytes (as the release version is configured). This error is generally the result of self-recursive macro expansion by the preprocessor (PP), or the use of a filter program on the input source file which removed the end-of-line markers. FATAL: Output file name same as input You have the same filename specified for both input and output. Remember that the default output filename extension is . trl. FATAL: Symbol table full As configured in the release version, the symbol table can hold 4096 entries. This value may be increased if TASM is being run on a machine with a larger than 64K byte direct addressing range. Note that the symbol table size must be a power of two to make the hashing function work. If you cant increase the symbol table size you will have to break the input file up into separate pieces. 23 Transputer Toolset TASM Transputer Assembler FATAL: TASM internal error #XXX These errors should never occur! If one does it generally indicates a violation of one or more prefix optimization constraints. If this error message does occur, please send a machine-readable copy of the offending TASM input file together with a description of what command line switches were used to either Logical Systems or the dealer where you purchased the product. Be sure to indicate what operating system TASM was running under and the complete text of the resulting error message (plus any other information you feel is pertinent). As a workaround, you can try adding, deleting or moving around bits of code in your program to see if you can avoid the exact sequence of optimization steps which provoked the problem. FATAL: The size of SLONG is not correctly configured This error message can only appear when you are recompiling TASM. It indicates that the typedef for SLONG which appears in taldef. is set for a storage class which is less than 4 bytes long. The SLONG storage class MUST be signed for TASM to operate correctly. FATAL: Unable to close input file: filename You can only get this error message when you ask TASM to generate a listing file. It indicates that TASM was unable to close the named file during the process of re- reading whatever source files actually made up the input source file TASM read (assuming the preprocessor was involv ed), and generating the resulting listing. - FATAL: Unable to generate non-assembly language listing This error is reported whenever both the -l and -t switches are given. You can only use one of these switches at a time. FATAL: Unable to open input file: filename The open attempt for the input filename failed. Verify that the input file exists and that the filename extension is correct (remember that . tal is the default if none is specified). If the preprocessor (PP), is being used with TASM, AND an assembly listing has been requested, this error message can also be generated. This occurs if one of the source files which PP used to create the input file for TASM was no longer there when TASM tried to re-read it to generate the listing. You can tell which of these two cases is the problem by noticing which input filename is mentioned in the error message. 24 TASM Transputer Assembler Transputer Toolset FATAL: Unable to open listing file: filename TASM was unable to open the listing filename. The filename is created by taking the filename from the input file (and input file pathname), and appending the extension . lst in place of any extension the input file had. FATAL: Unable to open output file: filename TASM was unable to open the output filename. This filename is either the default one generated using the input filename with a new extension (. trl), or it was explicitly specified by you using a -o option flag. FATAL: Unable to open temporary file: filename The open attempt for the temporary filename failed. This filename includes whatever directory pathname was specified for temporary files. FATAL: Unexpected EOF in input file: filename This error is encountered when a listing is being generated and TASM is reading the various source files which the preprocessor (PP), used to create the input file. This error indicates that TASM found one of the input files was shorter than PP lead it to believe with information passed via #line statements. This error may also be generated without the help of PP, if the input source file has somehow gotten corrupted between the time TASM read the input code from it and when it was re-read to generate the listing file. filename @ line_number: Floating point constant error This error message is generated for floating point constants used with either . real32 or . real64 which are out of range of the particular IEEE format selected. This usually means an error in a mantissa or exponent field. - filename @ line_number: Not implemented (pseudo-op) This error message is generated for opcodes or pseudo-ops which are not yet implemented, but whose names have been reserved. 25 Transputer Toolset TASM Transputer Assembler ;filename; @ line_number: Opcode/pseudo-op unknown: opcode_name The named opcode appeared in the opcode field of an instruction but was not recognized by TASM. This is generally caused by not declaring what type of processor TASM is assembling for (. T414, etc. ), or using an instruction which is not valid with the selected processor type. WARNING: Unable to close output file: filename During the cleanup process TASM removes the output file it creates if any errors were detected during operation. This error message indicates that TASM was unable to close the output file. Causes include the normal spectrum of file system related maladies. WARNING: Unable to close temp file: filename During the cleanup process, prior to TASM terminating, the temporary files are closed and deleted. This message indicates that TASM was unable to close the named temporary file (something is probably happening to the file system). WARNING: Unable to remove output file: filename During the cleanup process TASM removes the output file it creates if any errors were detected during operation. This error message indicates that TASM was unable to delete the output file. Causes include the normal spectrum of file system related maladies. WARNING: Unable to remove temp file: filename During the cleanup process, prior to TASM terminating, the temporary files are closed and deleted. This message indicates that TASM was unable to remove the named temporary file (something is probably happening to the file system). filename @ line_number: Undefined symbol: symbol_name This error message is generated when the named symbol is referenced but not defined within the input file (either by a label or . ext pseudo-op). 26 TASM Transputer Assembler Transputer Toolset Appendix B: Transputer Instruction Set The following descriptions of the Transputer instruction set are only intended for purposes of illustrating which instructions TASM can assemble. Please consult the appropriate INMOS documentation for information about instruction set formats and the internal architecture of the various CPUs. Direct Functions There are 16 direct functions, executed by all the INMOS Transputers, which can have operands. They are (in alphabetic order): Instruction Hex Value CPU Description ADC 8 All Add constant AJW B All Adjust workspace CALL 9 All Call subroutine CJ A All Conditional jump EQC C All Equals constant J 0 All Jump LDC 4 All Load constant LDL 7 All Load local LDLP 1 All Load local pointer LDNL 3 All Load non-local LDNLP 5 All Load non-local pointer NFIX 6 All Negative prefix OPR F All Operate (meta instruction) PFIX 2 All Prefix STL D All Store local STNL E All Store non-local Indirect Functions The use of the OPR instruction, in conjunction with the operand register, allows a large number of indirect instructions which are built using prefix strings to OPR. The following instruction list shows the indirect instructions, sorted in alphabetic order. Since INMOS makes more than one type of Transputer, the list has a CPU column which indicates whether the particular instruction is supported by at least some members of both the 16 and 32 bit Transputer families (listed as 16/32), some non-16 bit (ie. 32 bit), processors (All), only by the 16 bit machines (T212/T222/T225, listed as T212), only by the non floating point 32 bitters (T400/T414/T425, listed as T414), or only by the floating point processors (T800/T801/T805, listed as T800). In addition, the floating point processors support a FPENTRY instruction which allows the current value in the A register to be used as an extended floating point operation code. TASM implements these extended operation codes as macro instructions which consist of a LDC with the appropriate extended code, followed by a 27 Transputer Toolset TASM Transputer Assembler FPENTRY. These instructions are listed as SEQ (INMOS terminology), in the CPU column and are only available on the T8 processors. 28 TASM Transputer Assembler Transputer Toolset Instruction Hex Value CPU Description ADD 05 16/32 Add ALT 43 16/32 Alt start ALTEND 45 16/32 Alt end ALTWT 44 16/32 Alt wait AND 46 16/32 Boolean AND BCNT 34 16/32 Byte count BITCNT 76 16/32 Count bits set in word BITREVNBITS 78 16/32 Reverse bottom N bits in word BITREVWORD 77 16/32 Reverse bits in word BREAK B1 16/32 Breakpoint BSUB 02 16/32 Byte subscript CCNT1 4D 16/32 Check count from 1 CFLERR 73 T414 Check real32 fp infinity or NAN CLRHALTERR 57 16/32 Clear halt-on-error CLRJ0BREAK B2 16/32 Clear breakpoint flag CRCBYTE 75 16/32 Calculate CRC on byte CRCWORD 74 16/32 Calculate CRC on word CSNGL 4C 16/32 Check single CSUB0 13 16/32 Check subscript from 0 CWORD 56 16/32 Check word DIFF 04 16/32 Difference DISC 2F 16/32 Disable channel DISS 30 16/32 Disable skip DIST 2E 16/32 Disable timer DIV 2C 16/32 Divide DUP 5A 16/32 Duplicate top of stack ENBC 48 16/32 Enable channel ENBS 49 16/32 Enable skip ENBT 47 16/32 Enable timer ENDP 03 16/32 End process FMUL 72 All Fractional multiply FPADD 87 T800 Floating point add FPB32TOR64 9A T800 Convert bit32 to real64 FPCHKERR 83 T800 Check floating error FPDIV 8C T800 Floating point divide FPDUP A3 T800 Floating point duplicate FPENTRY AB T800 Floating point unit entry FPEQ 95 T800 Floating point equality FPGT 94 T800 Floating point greater-than FPI32TOR32 96 T800 Convert int32 to real32 FPI32TOR64 98 T800 Convert int32 to real64 FPINT A1 T800 Round fp to floating integer FPLDNLADDDB A6 T800 Floating ld non-local and ad

Definition for the Java Term Loops

Definition for the Java Term Loops A loop is a way of repeating lines of code more than once. The block of code contained within the loop will be executed again and again until the condition required by the loop is met. For example, you could set up a loop to print out the even numbers between 1 and 100. The code that gets executed each time the loop is run will be the printing out of an even number, the condition the loop is looking to meet is reaching 100 (i.e., 2 4 6 8....96 98). There are two types of loops: Indeterminate - An indeterminate loop does not know how many times it will run. For example, you could search through an int array looking for a specific value. The most logical way would be to search each element of the array in order until you find the right value. You dont know if the value is in the first element or the last so the number of times you loop around checking the next element of the array is unknown. Indeterminate loops are the while and do..while loops.Determinate - AÂ  determinate loop knows exactly how many times it will loop. For example, if you want to know how much money youll be paid for the next twelve months minus tax you could perform the wage calculation 12 times. The determinate loop in Java is the for loop. Examples An indeterminate while loop to search for the number 10 in a randomly ordered int array: //int array of random numbers int[] numbers {1, 23, 56, 89, 3, 6, 9, 10, 123}; //a boolean variable that will act as the condition for the loop boolean numberFound false; int index 0; //this loop will continue running until numberFound true while (!numberFound) { System.out.println(Were looping around..); if (numbers[index] 10) { numberFound true; index; System.out.println(Weve found the number after index loops); } index; } A determinate for loop to display all the even numbers between 1 and 100: int number 0; //loop around 49 times to get the even numbers //between 1 and 100 for (int i1;i

Overview of the Nika Revolt

Overview of the Nika Revolt The Nika Revolt was a devastating riot that took place in early medieval Constantinople, in the Eastern Roman Empire. It threatened the life and reign of Emperor Justinian. The Nika Revolt was also known as: the Nika Rebellion, the Nika Uprising, the Nika Riot, the Nike Revolt, the Nike Rebellion, the Nike Uprising, the Nike Riot The Nika Revolt took place in: January, 532 C.E., in Constantinople The Hippodrome The Hippodrome was the site in Constantinople where enormous crowds gathered to watch exciting chariot races and similar spectacles. Several other sports had been outlawed over the preceding decades, so chariot races were particularly welcome occasions. But events in the Hippodrome sometimes led to violence among the spectators, and more than one riot had begun there in the past. The Nika Revolt would begin and, several days later, end in the Hippodrome. Nika! Fans in the Hippodrome would cheer on their favorite charioteers and chariot teams with the cry, Nika!, which has been variously translated as Conquer!, Win! and Victory! In the Nika Revolt, this was the cry the rioters took up. The Blues and the Greens The charioteers and their teams were garbed in specific colors (as were their horses and the chariots themselves); the fans who followed these teams identified with their colors. There had been reds and whites, but by the time of Justinians reign, the most popular by far were the Blues and the Greens. The fans that followed the chariot teams retained their identity beyond the Hippodrome, and at times they wielded considerable cultural influence. Scholars once thought that the Blues and the Greens each associated with particular political movements, but there is little evidence to support this. It is now believed that the primary interest of the Blues and the Greens was their racing teams, and that occasional violence sometimes spilled over from the Hippodrome into other aspects of Byzantine society without any real direction from fan leaders. For several decades, it had been traditional for the emperor to choose either the Blues or the Greens to support, which virtually guaranteed the two most powerful teams would not be able to join together against the imperial government. But Justinian was a different breed of emperor. Once, years before he took the throne, he had been believed to favor the Blues; but now, because he wanted to remain above partisan politics even of the most superficial kind, he did not throw his support behind any charioteer. This would prove to be a serious mistake. The New Reign of Emperor Justinian Justinian had become co-emperor with his uncle, Justin, in April of 527, and he became sole emperor when Justin died four months later. Justin had risen from humble beginnings; Justinian was also considered by many senators to be of low birth, and not truly worthy of their respect. Most scholars agree that Justinian had a sincere wish to improve the empire, the capital city of Constantinople, and the lives of the people who lived there. Unfortunately, the measures he took to accomplish this proved disruptive. Justinians ambitious plans to reconquer Roman territory, his extensive building projects, and his ongoing war with Persia all required funding, which meant more and more taxes; and his wish to end corruption in the government led him to appoint some overzealous officials whose severe measures caused resentment in several levels of society. Things looked very bad when a riot broke out over the extreme strictures employed by one of Justinians most unpopular officials, John of Cappadocia. The riot was put down with brutal force, many participants were jailed, and those ringleaders that were captured were sentenced to death. This engendered further unrest among the citizenry. It was in this heightened state of tension that Constantinople was suspended in the early days of January, 532. The Botched Execution When the ringleaders of the riot were supposed to be executed, the job was botched, and two of them escaped. One was a fan of the Blues, the other a fan of the Greens. Both were hidden away safely in a monastery. Their supporters decided to ask the emperor for leniency for these two men at the next chariot race. The Riot Breaks Out On January 13, 532, when the chariot races were scheduled to begin, members of both the Blues and the Greens loudly pleaded with the emperor to show mercy to the two men that Fortune had rescued from the gallows. When no response was forthcoming, both factions began to cry out, Nika! Nika! The chant, so often heard in the Hippodrome in support of one charioteer or another, was now directed against Justinian. The Hippodrome erupted in violence, and soon the mob took to the streets. Their first objective was the  praetorian,  which was, essentially, the headquarters of Constantinoples police department and the municipal jail. The rioters released the prisoners and set the building on fire. Before long a substantial portion of the city was in flames, including the  Hagia Sophia  and several other great buildings. From Riot to Rebellion It is not clear how soon members of the aristocracy became involved, but by the time the city was on fire, there were signs that forces were attempting to use the incident to overthrow an unpopular emperor. Justinian recognized the danger and tried to appease his opposition by agreeing to remove from office those responsible for conceiving of and carrying out the most unpopular policies. But this gesture of conciliation was rebuffed, and rioting continued. Then Justinian ordered  General Belisarius  to squelch the riot; but in this, the estimable soldier and the emperors troops failed. Justinian and his closest supporters stayed holed up in the palace while the riot raged and the city burned. Then, on January 18, the emperor tried once more to find a compromise. But when he appeared in the Hippodrome, all of his offers were rejected out of hand. It was at this point that rioters proposed another candidate for the emperor: Hypatius, nephew of the late Emperor Anastasius I. A political coup was at hand. Hypatius Though related to a former emperor, Hypatius had never been a serious candidate for the throne. Hed led an  undistinguished  career first as a military officer, and now as a senator and was probably content to remain out of the limelight. According to  Procopius, Hypatius and his brother Pompeius had stayed with Justinian in the palace during the riot, until the emperor grew suspicious of them and their vague connection to the purple, and threw them out. The brothers did not want to leave, fearing they would be used by the rioters and the anti-Justinian faction. This, of course, is exactly what happened. Procopius relates that his wife, Mary, took hold of Hypatius and wouldnt let  go  until the crowd overwhelmed her, and her husband was carried to the throne against his will. The Moment of Truth When Hypatius was  borne  to the throne, Justinian and his entourage left the Hippodrome once more. The revolt was now too far out of hand, and there seemed no way to take control. The emperor and his associates began to discuss fleeing the city. It was Justinians wife,  Empress Theodora, who convinced them to stand firm. According to Procopius, she told her husband, ... the present time, above all others, is inopportune for flight, even though it bring safety ... For one who has been an  emperor, it is unendurable to be a fugitive ... consider whether it will not come about after you have been saved that you would gladly exchange that safety for death. For as for myself, I approve a certain ancient saying that royalty is a good burial-shroud. Shamed by her words, and buoyed by her courage, Justinian rose to the occasion. The Nika Revolt is Crushed Once more Emperor Justinian sent General Belisarius to attack the rebels with Imperial troops. With most of the rioters confined to the Hippodrome, the results were far different than the generals first attempt: Scholars estimate that between 30,000 and 35,000 people were slaughtered. Many of the ringleaders were captured and executed, including the unfortunate Hypatius. In the face of such a massacre, the rebellion crumpled. The Aftermath of the Nika Revolt The death toll and the extensive destruction of Constantinople were horrific, and it would take years for the city and its people to recover. Arrests were ongoing after the revolt, and many families lost everything due to their connection to the rebellion. The Hippodrome was shut down, and races were suspended for five years. But for Justinian, the results of the riots were very much to his advantage. Not only was the emperor able to confiscate a number of wealthy estates, but he also returned to their offices the officials hed agreed to remove, including John of Cappadocia although, to his credit, he did keep them from going to the extremes theyd employed in the past. And his victory over the rebels garnered him new respect, if not true admiration. No one was willing to move against Justinian, and he was now able to go forward with all his ambitious plans rebuilding the city, reconquering territory in Italy, completing his law codes, among others. He also began instituting laws that curbed the powers of the senatorial class that had so looked down on him and his family. The Nika Revolt had backfired. Though Justinian had been brought to the brink of destruction, he had overcome his  enemies and would enjoy a long and fruitful reign. The text of this document is copyright  ©2012 Melissa Snell. You may download or print this document for personal or school use, as long as the URL below is included. Permission is  not  granted to reproduce this document on another website.

Ethics In The Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics In The Workplace - Essay Example These are due to the unsafe design of the Pinto’s fuel tank, which were known to the company’s engineering when they conducted a trial or test collision of a said car model.   Yet still, the management wanted to release the Pinto car to the market despite glitches in the car’s structure.   They had identified alternative solutions in improving the design but did not implement it due to the additional $11 cost of its building expense. In the process, this would mean higher cost of the Pinto car, which would be against Iacocca’s set goal of â€Å"the limits of 2000†, meaning cost would not exceed $2000 and would not weight more than 2000 pounds.   Iacocca set the said goal in the assumption that Pinto buyers are extremely price conscious.   The most severe symptom of the problem was when charges of reckless homicide against Ford Motor Co. were filed by its consumers. Assessing the situation, the root problem can be linked to several actual problems and these are 1) Ford leader’s response to rigid competition in the car market, 2) Ethical values of the leaders of Ford that affects their decisions, 3) Lack of Total Quality Management (TQM) and 4) Lack of strict guidelines by the government during 1968 to 1977 that would protect the consumers or general public. One of Ford leaders’ responsibilities is to maintain the competitiveness of the company to the market and its employees. During the stringent competition in a motor industry, Iacocca may have thought or felt the stress in maintaining Ford’s being on the forefront of motor industry market.   In his decisions, he needed to think of creative ways of producing a car model that would exceed the cars released by competing company like the Germans that cost less both for the buyers and Ford and would benefit the largest number of people.   His decision was consistent with business decisions called Utilitarian theory, where costs and benefits can be calculated in dollars and this framework are guided by ethical decisions of generating greatest benefits for the largest number of people (Daft 1992).

History and Reconstruction of Cutty Sark Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History and Reconstruction of Cutty Sark - Essay Example In the United States, clipper ships â€Å"represents a powerful symbol of American ingenuity and entrepreneurship. A pivotal moment in American maritime history, the clipper ship era is a story charged with national pride, romance, competition, and rapidly changing technology† (Curtis 2004). Its invention was a critical focal point in the development of the global economy. The Suez Canal was opened in the year 1869 that provided short-cut routes for countries of distant locations, setting off the competition between steam-mobilized liners and clipper ships. However, this was also the period when clipper ships were seldom preferred for commercial purposes. One of the last clipper ships built for opium trading functions in China to England was the Cutty Stark. BRIEF HISTORY OF CUTTY STARK Cutty Sark was considered to be â€Å"one of the most famous of the great clippers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (History 2012). Her construction was completed in 1869 by the order of the shipping mogul Jock Willis. During this time, Cutty Stark was one of the fastest clipper ships in England, initially built for the purpose of tea trade between China and England. Nevertheless, due to the opening of Suez Canal 1 by the same year, steam-mobilized ships had an easier and shorter course for China which resulted into a short-lived maritime trade bustle of Cutty Sark. She then was shifted for wool business in Australia where she operated for ten years. It was one of the last clipper ships created for the tea trade between England and China from 1840 to 1870. Its first touch of the seabed took place on its launching on November 22, 1869 afternoon in Dumbarton. Since the Suez Canal opened, it cut the travel period of steam vessels to the Far East overwhelmingly (History 2012, para. 3). Also, â€Å"the winds of the Red Sea and the Mediterranean were not suited to the clippers though† (History 2012, para. 3) and which resulted into her pitiable revenues in the 1870s. Consequently, its jou rney to Australia for wool trade acquired the upper hand, â€Å"setting speed records between London and Melbourne and Sydney (History 2012). For ten years, Cutty Sark held prevalent reputation and prominence because of its fast tours. Nevertheless, in 1895, Cutty Sark’s speed gradually waned and had become less rewarding. Following the zenith of her success, Cutty Sark completely lost its sense of residence. She was sold several times to companies and people including Captain Dowman, who after recollecting Cutty Sark’s heydays, â€Å"brought her to Falmouth, where she was restored and opened to the public† (History 2012). After Dowman’s demise in 1936, Cutty Sark was then transferred to a â€Å"navy Training College at Greenhithe† (History 2012, para. 7) and was used for maritime training by the students of the college. A FIRE DESTROYED CUTTY SARK On 21 May 2007, the iconic Cutty Shark, which was temporarily closed for a maintenance work, shocked everyone when it grabbed hold of a fire and burned down for many hours before the fire was contained by the London Fire Brigade. The fire-fighters battled the fire for more than two hours. â€Å"Fire-fighters were called to the scene at 0445 BST and the flames were put out by 0700 2 BST† (BBC News 2007). The Fire Brigade of London together with the Metropolitan police, after analysing the CCTV video, initially concluded that â€Å"arson† was a possibility; nevertheless, they were not able to gather proofs that would

When Life Imitates Video by John Leo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

When Life Imitates Video by John Leo - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the article revolves around the possibility of real-life events beings strikingly similar to those portrayed in violent video games. The author, a writer by heart, has done service to the public by indulging in writing different society centered articles and serving practically for the betterment of higher academics for the past few decades. This article could well be ascertained as a continuation of the chain of his service to his fellow beings. Commencing with the mentioning of a Colorado incident in which teenagers indulged in a violent shooting spree that eventually led to the killing of themselves at their own hands, the author is pained at noticing the obvious influence of gaming on youngsters. It is perceived by the writer that the actions of youngsters were influenced by situations in video games. The opening paragraph gives an evident idea of the purpose with which the author has written it. The purpose of the writer, mainly, is to highlight how scenarios portrayed in violent video games are being adapted to real life by the youngsters who are deeply influenced by them. The audience the writer targets are individuals within the general public and also the video games’ manufacturers. The widespread use of video games and the parents’ leverage given to kids to play them with ease gives an idea that parents are unaware of the hazards involved with the games. The author aims to target these oblivious parents as the audience trying to bring them to light about the alarming problem at hand. Quoting logic and reason, the author tries to clearly signify the relationship that exists between violence in video games and real world mishaps. The argument most presumably set forth by video games promoters that there basically is no direct link that could prove the effect of violence in video games on youngsters and their real-life issues have been responded well by the customer. Understanding the opposin g viewpoint’s position, the writer accepts that there may be personal issues involved with the personalities of individuals who show being affected by the violence related mentality but this mainly is, in the words of the writer, the weakest point that should be addressed. According to the writer, the individual youngsters that come from strong-willed and well brought up families are less likely to fall prey to these violence-prone games. It mainly is the distressed and the oppressed youngsters only who find their refuge in the video games where they find all the violence to lure their oppressed and neglected thoughts, a perfect place to let go of their frustrations. The problem, according to the writer, is that millions of youngsters of the current society are indulged in activities that would do nothing but hurt their counterparts and themselves alike, considering this as being no objectionable practice whatsoever. All this is owing to the fact that oppression has been made an everyday affair by the everyday use of violence-laden video games. The author inputs logic into his writing beautifully by mentioning the point of view of Dr. David Grossman of Arkansas State University who is both a psychologist and a retired Army officer. His point of view is of immense importance as he assesses the situation from two distinct aspects, both from a psychologist’s and an army officer’s point of view. He completely seconds the stance of the author adding that enabling kids and youngsters to get indulged into electronic games at such an extensive rate has made it common for them to think of killing someone no matter what the situation. The severity of the matter has been eliminated by the realistic aspects introduced into the games such as those of the armory being just like real-world weapons and also the scenarios being very realistic as well.

PR campaign Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

PR campaign - Assignment Example The institution’s mission statement has played an important role in guiding it towards excellence performance through the fifty years that it has existed since its inception. The institution believes that it’s upon this mission statement that it will transcend greater heights into becoming one of the universities with a global influence on various issues that affect the normal lives of people. The institution has done a lot to ensure that it lives to its vision; it has combined the efforts of all its stakeholders to ensure that staying on course on this vision remains a matter of top priority. The vision statement that the institution has found a lot of self-esteem in it reads as follows; In order to live and achieve its vision, the institution intends to rely on the majority youthful population that characterizes the student population, the excellent and strategic location that keeps it within reach to many students. At the same time, the excellent association between the student body and the faculty proves to another vital ingredient in achieving the vision, thus establishing itself as one of the forerunner institutions in the United States of America The university enjoys a corporate culture that is characterised by active and free interaction among students and the faculty representatives. The institution has committed to admitting different student from all walks of life in a bid to encourage cultural interaction and diversity. The university has derived a lot of strength from the fact that it is providing an environment that values different races and knowledge sharing. This is something that seems to add impetus in the efforts being done towards innovations and inventions in the different areas the university address. The institution enjoys state of the art technology that is used in instructional